Compositions for modulating a kinase cascade and methods of use thereof

ABSTRACT

The invention relates to compositions comprising 2-(5-(4-(2-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)-N-benzylacetamide and its mesylate and dihydrochloride salts. The invention provides an efficient process for the synthesis of 2-(5-(4-(2-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)-N-benzylacetamide and its mesylate and dihydrochloride salts and methods for modulating one or more components of a kinase cascade using the compositions of the invention. The present invention also provides a novel polymorph of the mesylate salt of 2-(5-(4-(2-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)-N-benzylacetamide (Form A), characterized by a unique X-ray diffraction pattern and Differential Scanning Calorimetry profile, as well as a unique crystalline structure.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority to and is a Continuation In Part ofU.S. application Ser. No. 12/154,056 filed on May 19, 2008, which claimspriority to provisional application Ser. No. 60/930,758, filed May 17,2007 and is a Continuation In Part of U.S. application Ser. No.12/005,792 filed on Dec. 28, 2007, which claims priority to provisionalapplication Ser. No. 60/877,762, filed on Dec. 28, 2006. The entirecontents of each application are incorporated by reference herein.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is directed to certain polymorphs of2-(5-(4-(2-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)-N-benzylacetamidemesylate salt (KX2-391.MSA) and compositions and processes for thesynthesis of substantially pure2-(5-(4-(2-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)-N-benzylacetamide(KX2-391), and its mesylate and bis-hydrochloride salts. The inventionalso relates to methods of using such compositions.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Signal transduction is any process by which a cell converts one kind ofsignal or stimulus into another. Processes referred to as signaltransduction often involve a sequence of biochemical reactions insidethe cell, which are carried out by enzymes and linked through secondmessengers. In many transduction processes, an increasing number ofenzymes and other molecules become engaged in the events that proceedfrom the initial stimulus. In such cases the chain of steps is referredto as a “signaling cascade” or a “second messenger pathway” and oftenresults in a small stimulus eliciting a large response. One class ofmolecules involved in signal transduction is the kinase family ofenzymes. The largest group of kinases are protein kinases, which act onand modify the activity of specific proteins. These are used extensivelyto transmit signals and control complex processes in cells.

Protein kinases are a large class of enzymes which catalyze the transferof the γ-phosphate from ATP to the hydroxyl group on the side chain ofSer/Thr or Tyr in proteins and peptides and are intimately involved inthe control of various important cell functions, perhaps most notably:signal transduction, differentiation, and proliferation. There areestimated to be about 2,000 distinct protein kinases in the human body,and although each of these phosphorylate particular protein/peptidesubstrates, they all bind the same second substrate, ATP, in a highlyconserved pocket. Protein phosphatases catalyze the transfer ofphosphate in the opposite direction.

A tyrosine kinase is an enzyme that can transfer a phosphate group fromATP to a tyrosine residue in a protein. Phosphorylation of proteins bykinases is an important mechanism in signal transduction for regulationof enzyme activity. The tyrosine kinases are divided into two groups;those that are cytoplasmic proteins and the transmembranereceptor-linked kinases. In humans, there are 32 cytoplasmic proteintyrosine kinases and 58 receptor-linked protein-tyrosine kinases. Thehormones and growth factors that act on cell surface tyrosinekinase-linked receptors are generally growth-promoting and function tostimulate cell division (e.g., insulin, insulin-like growth factor 1,epidermal growth factor).

Inhibitors of various known protein kinases or protein phosphatases havea variety of therapeutic applications. One promising potentialtherapeutic use for protein kinase or protein phosphatase inhibitors isas anti-cancer agents. About 50% of the known oncogene products areprotein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) and their kinase activity has been shownto lead to cell transformation.

The PTKs can be classified into two categories, the membrane receptorPTKs (e.g. growth factor receptor PTKs) and the non-receptor PTKs (e.g.the Src family of proto-oncogene products). There are at least 9 membersof the Src family of non-receptor PTKs with pp60^(c-src) (hereafterreferred to simply as “Src”) being the prototype PTK of the familywherein the approximately 300 amino acid catalytic domains are highlyconserved. The hyperactivation of Src has been reported in a number ofhuman cancers, including those of the colon, breast, lung, bladder, andskin, as well as in gastric cancer, hairy cell leukemia, andneuroblastoma. Overstimulated cell proliferation signals fromtransmembrane receptors (e.g. EGFR and p185HER2/Neu) to the cellinterior also appear to pass through Src. Consequently, it has recentlybeen proposed that Src is a universal target for cancer therapy, becausehyperactivation (without mutation) is involved in tumor initiation,progression, and metastasis for many important human tumor types.

Because kinases are involved in the regulation of a wide variety ofnormal cellular signal transduction pathways (e.g., cell growth,differentiation, survival, adhesion, migration, etc.), kinases arethought to play a role in a variety of diseases and disorders. Thus,modulation of kinase signaling cascades may be an important way to treator prevent such diseases and disorders.

The compound KX2-391 is a biaryl compound for modulating a kinasecascade and is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,300,931; U.S. applicationSer. No. 11/480,174; and PCT Application No. PCT/2008/004847. Thedihydrochloride and mesylate salts of KX2-391 are described in U.S.application Ser. Nos. 12/005,792 and 12/154,056 respectively, includingprocesses for synthesis. The aforementioned patents and applications donot disclose a certain polymorph of KX2-391MSA with desirable propertiesrelated to stability, hygroscopicity, solubility, and crystallinity.

KX2-391 and its salts are useful in methods for modulating a kinasecascade and may be useful for treating or preventing cell proliferationdisorders and/or diseases such as hearing loss, osteoporosis, diabetes,eye disease, stroke, atherosclerosis, neuropathic pain, and hepatitis B.Thus, there is an urgent need to discover a form of this compound withdesirable physical properties.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a polymorph of the mesylate salt of2-(5-(4-(2-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)-N-benzylacetamide (FormA) characterized by an X-ray diffraction pattern substantially similarto that set forth in FIG. 7. The present invention relates to apolymorph of the mesylate salt of2-(5-(4-(2-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)-N-benzylacetamide (FormA) characterized by an X-ray diffraction pattern including peaks atabout 22.7, 19.7, 18.9 and 16.3 degrees 2θ.

The present invention relates to a polymorph of the mesylate salt of2-(5-(4-(2-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)-N-benzylacetamide (FormA) characterized by a Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) thermogramhaving a single maximum value at about 164, as measured by a Mettler822^(e) DSC instrument. In one aspect, the invention relates to apolymorph of the mesylate salt of2-(5-(4-(2-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)-N-benzylacetamide (FormA) characterized by an X-ray diffraction pattern substantially similarto that set forth in FIG. 7 and further characterized by a aDifferential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) thermogram having a singlemaximum value at about 164, as measured by a Mettler 822^(e) DSCinstrument. In one aspect, the invention relates to a polymorph of themesylate salt of2-(5-(4-(2-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)-N-benzylacetamide (FormA) characterized by an X-ray diffraction pattern including peaks atabout 22.7, 19.7, 18.9 and 16.3 degrees 2θ and further characterized bya a Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) thermogram having a singlemaximum value at about 164, as measured by a Mettler 822^(e) DSCinstrument.

The present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprisinga polymorph of the mesylate salt of2-(5-(4-(2-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)-N-benzylacetamide (FormA) and a pharmaceutically acceptable exipient or carrier.

The present invention relates to a method of treating or preventingdisease or condition in a subject in need thereof, said methodcomprising the step of administering to said subject a pharmaceuticalcomposition of the invention, wherein said disease or condition isselected from cancer, hearing loss, osteoporosis, obesity, diabetes,ophthalmic diseases, stroke, atherosclerosis, neuropathic pain,hepatitis B, autoimmune disease.

The present invention relates to a process for preparing the polymorphof the mesylate salt of2-(5-(4-(2-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)-N-benzylacetamide (FormA) comprising the step of adding methanesulfonic acid to2-(5-(4-(2-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)-N-benzylacetamide inacetone. In one aspect, the process comprises an amount of said acetonethat is greater than 64 volumes.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a graph indicating the DSC of KX2-391•2HCl lot 02BP111F.

FIG. 2 is a graph indicating the DSC of KX2-391•2HCl lot 02BP111E.

FIG. 3 is a graph indicating the XRPD of KX2-391•2HCl lot 02BP111E.

FIG. 4 is a graph indicating the XRPD of KX2-391•2HCl lot 02BP111F.

FIG. 5 is a 1H NMR spectrum of KX2-391 (lot 02BP096K).

FIG. 6 is a 1H NMR spectrum of KX2-391•MSA, Form A.

FIG. 7 is a graph indicating the XRPD of KX2-391•MSA, Form A (lotGJP-S10(1)).

FIG. 8 is a graph indicating the DSC of KX2-391•MSA, Form A.

FIG. 9 is a graph indicating the TGA of KX2-391•MSA, Form A.

FIG. 10 is a graph indicating the Moisture Sorption Analysis ofKX2-391•MSA, Form A.

FIG. 11 is an HPLC chromatogram of KX2-391•MSA, Form A.

FIG. 12 is an ATR-FTIR spectrum of KX2-391•MSA, Form A.

FIG. 13 is a graph indicating the XRPD of KX2-391•2HCl [lot 02BP111G].

FIG. 14 is a graph indicating the DSC of KX2-391•2HCl [lot 02BP111G].

FIG. 15 is a graph indicating the TGA of KX2-391•2HCl [lot 02BP111G].

FIG. 16 is a 1H NMR spectrum of KX2-391•2HCl [lot 02BP111G].

FIG. 17 is a graph indicating the Moisture Sorption Analysis ofKX2-391•2HCl [lot 02BP111G].

FIG. 18 is an HPLC chromatograms of KX2-391•2HCl [lot 02BP111G].

FIG. 19 is graph showing the gravimetric moisture curve of KX2-391•2HCl.

FIG. 20 is a graph indicating the XRPD of KX2-391•p-TSA, Form A.

FIG. 21 is a graph indicating the XRPD of KX2-391•p-TSA, Form B.

FIG. 22 is a graph indicating the XRPD of KX2-391•fumarate.

FIG. 23 is a graph indicating the XRPD of KX2-391•maleate.

FIG. 24 is a graph indicating the XRPD of KX2-391 bis-maleate.

FIG. 25 is a graph indicating the XRPD of KX2-391 bis-fumarate, Form A.

FIG. 26 is a graph indicating the XRPD of KX2-391 bis-fumarate, Form B.

FIG. 27 is a graph indicating the XRPD of KX2-391 bis-phosphate, Form A.

FIG. 28 is a graph indicating the XRPD of KX2-391 bis-p-tosylate.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The details of one or more embodiments of the invention are set forth inthe accompanying description below. Although any methods and materialssimilar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in thepractice or testing of the present invention, the preferred methods andmaterials are now described. Other features, objects, and advantages ofthe invention will be apparent from the description. In thespecification, the singular forms also include the plural unless thecontext clearly dictates otherwise. Unless defined otherwise, alltechnical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning ascommonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which thisinvention belongs. In the case of conflict, the present specificationwill control. All publications, patent applications, patents, and otherreferences mentioned herein are incorporated by reference in theirentirety.

Preparation of KX2-391 and its Salts

The synthesis of 4-(2-(4-(6-fluoropyridin-3-yl)phenoxy)ethyl)morpholineis shown in the scheme below:

4-(2-(4-(6-fluoropyridin-3-yl)phenoxy)ethyl)morpholine (5) wassynthesized in 3 steps. Intermediate 2 was synthesized using an ethercoupling reaction e.g., using Williamson ether synthesis. Etherformation between 4-(2-chloroethyl)morpholine (1) and 4-bromophenol wascarried out in the presence of potassium carbonate and DMF to afford4-(2-(4-bromophenoxy)ethyl)morpholine (2). Rigorously dry conditionswere not essential for this reaction and a basic wash with sodiumhydroxide was used to remove any remaining 4-bromophenol. In anotheraspect of the invention, intermediate 2 is synthesized using any etherformation reaction. Intermediate 2 is synthesized starting from compound1 containing any leaving group. For example, the skilled chemist wouldstart with compounds of the general formula:

wherein the leaving group “LG” includes but is not limited to halogen,tosylate, mesylate, trifluate, etc.

Compound 5 was formed using a Suzuki reaction. Formation of the arylborate, 6-fluoropyridin-3-yl-3-boronic acid (4), was carried out byforming the aryl anion using n-BuLi followed by in situ quenching withtriisopropylborate (Li, et al., J. Org. Chem. 2002, 67, 5394-5397). Theresulting 6-fluoropyridin-3-yl-3-boronic acid (4) was coupled to4-(2-(4-bromophenoxy)ethyl)morpholine (2) in a solution of DME andaqueous sodium carbonate using tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium toafford 4-(2-(4-(6-fluoropyridin-3-yl)phenoxy)ethyl)morpholine (5), whichwas purified using silica gel chromatography. The skilled chemist wouldknow that other transition metal coupling reaction are used to preparecompound 5.

The synthesis of2-(5-(4-(2-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)-N-benzylacetamidedihydrochloride is shown below:

2-(5-(4-(2-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)-N-benzylacetamidedihydrochloride (KX2-391 HCl) was synthesized in four linear steps. Thefluoride of 4-(2-(4-(6-fluoropyridin-3-yl)phenoxy)ethyl)morpholine (5)was displaced by the anion of acetonitrile formed using commerciallyavailable NaHMDS. Acetonitrile was added slowly to a cooled mixture ofcompound 5 and base to form2-(5-(4-(2-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)acetonitrile (6). Inanother aspect of the invention, intermediate 5 may have a leaving groupother than fluorine. Thus, compounds of the general formula:

would be pursued where LG includes other leaving groups known to theskilled chemist.

Acid catalyzed methanolysis of2-(5-(4-(2-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)acetonitrile (6) wascarried out using a mixture of concentrated sulfuric and fuming sulfuricacid. The use of fuming sulfuric acid removed residual water from thereaction mixture and reduced the amount of carboxylic acid by-productformed. The reaction mixture was quenched by adding the reaction mixtureto a solution of saturated sodium bicarbonate and dichloromethane whilemaintaining the temperature below 20° C. Any carboxylic acid contaminantwas readily removed with aqueous work-up. In another aspect of theinvention, other acid catalyzed conditions are used by the skilledartisan for alcoholysis of the nitrile of compound 6 to produce compound7.

The resulting methyl2-(5-(4-(2-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)acetate (7) and benzylamine were coupled in anisole at high temperature to afford2-(5-(4-(2-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)-N-benzylacetamide(KX2-391). An HCl solution formed by adding acetyl chloride to absoluteethanol was added to KX2-391 to form the bis-HCl salt,2-(5-(4-(2-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)-N-benzylacetamidedihydrochloride, (KX2-di-HCl).

The synthesis of the mesylate salt of KX2-391 (KX2-391•MSA) is depictedin the scheme below:

2-(5-(4-(2-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)-N-benzylacetamidemesylate (KX2-391 MSA) was synthesized in four linear steps startingfrom compound 5. The first 3 steps were carried out similar to theprocedure discussed above for KX2-391•2HCl to afford methyl2-(5-(4-(2-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)acetate (KX2-391).KX2-391 was converted to the methanesulfonate salt by treatment withmethanesulfonic acid (MSA) in acetone at 50° C. to afford2-(5-(4-(2-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)-N-benzylacetamidemesylate (KX2-391•MSA).

In another aspect of the invention, intermediate 7 can be synthesizedhaving a group other than —C(O)OMe. The skilled chemist would pursueintermediate compounds of the general formula:

wherein the group “R” includes but is not limited to hydrogen and alkyl.

In one aspect, the invention relates to a process for preparing2-(5-(4-(2-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)-N-benzylacetamidecomprising the steps of: reacting 4-(2-chloroethyl)morpholine with4-bromophenol to yield 4-(2-(4-bromophenoxy)ethyl)morpholine; (2)coupling 4-(2-(4-bromophenoxy)ethyl)morpholine with6-fluoropyridin-3-yl-3-boronic acid to yield4-(2-(4-(6-fluoropyridin-3-yl)phenoxy)ethyl)morpholine; reacting4-(2-(4-(6-fluoropyridin-3-yl)phenoxy)ethyl)morpholine with acetonitrileto yield 2-(5-(4-(2-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)acetonitrile;(4) converting2-(5-(4-(2-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)acetonitrile to methyl2-(5-(4-(2-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)acetate; and (5)reacting methyl 2-(5-(4-(2-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)acetatewith benzylamine to yield2-(5-(4-(2-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)-N-benzylacetamide.

In another aspect the invention relates to a process for preparing2-(5-(4-(2-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)-N-benzylacetamidemesylate comprising the steps of: (1) reacting4-(2-chloroethyl)morpholine with 4-bromophenol to yield4-(2-(4-bromophenoxy)ethyl)morpholine; (2) coupling4-(2-(4-bromophenoxy)ethyl)morpholine with6-fluoropyridin-3-yl-3-boronic acid to yield4-(2-(4-(6-fluoropyridin-3-yl)phenoxy)ethyl)morpholine; (3) reacting4-(2-(4-(6-fluoropyridin-3-yl)phenoxy)ethyl)morpholine with acetonitrileto yield 2-(5-(4-(2-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)acetonitrile;(4) converting2-(5-(4-(2-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)acetonitrile to methyl2-(5-(4-(2-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)acetate; (5) reactingmethyl 2-(5-(4-(2-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)acetate withbenzylamine to yield2-(5-(4-(2-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)-N-benzylacetamide; and(6) contacting2-(5-(4-(2-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)-N-benzylacetamide withmethane sulfonic acid to yield2-(5-(4-(2-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)-N-benzylacetamidemesylate.

In another aspect, the invention relates to a process for preparing2-(5-(4-(2-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)-N-benzylacetamidemesylate comprising the step of contacting2-(5-(4-(2-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)-N-benzylacetamide withmethane sulfonic acid to yield2-(5-(4-(2-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)-N-benzylacetamidemesylate.

In another aspect, the invention relates to a process for preparing2-(5-(4-(2-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)-N-benzylacetamidedihydrochloride comprising the steps of: (1) reacting4-(2-chloroethyl)morpholine with 4-bromophenol to yield4-(2-(4-bromophenoxy)ethyl)morpholine; (2) coupling4-(2-(4-bromophenoxy)ethyl)morpholine with6-fluoropyridin-3-yl-3-boronic acid to yield4-(2-(4-(6-fluoropyridin-3-yl)phenoxy)ethyl)morpholine; (3) reacting4-(2-(4-(6-fluoropyridin-3-yl)phenoxy)ethyl)morpholine with acetonitrileto yield 2-(5-(4-(2-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)acetonitrile;(4) converting2-(5-(4-(2-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)acetonitrile to methyl2-(5-(4-(2-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)acetate; (5) reactingmethyl 2-(5-(4-(2-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)acetate withbenzylamine to yield2-(5-(4-(2-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)-N-benzylacetamide; and(6) contacting2-(5-(4-(2-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)-N-benzylacetamide withhydrochloric acid to yield2-(5-(4-(2-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)-N-benzylacetamidedihydrochloride.

In another aspect, the invention relates to a process for preparing2-(5-(4-(2-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)-N-benzylacetamidedihydrochloride comprising the step of contacting2-(5-(4-(2-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)-N-benzylacetamide withhydrochloric acid to yield2-(5-(4-(2-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)-N-benzylacetamidedihydrochloride.

In another aspect, the invention relates to a process for preparing2-(5-(4-(2-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)-N-benzylacetamidecomprising the step of reacting methyl2-(5-(4-(2-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)acetate with benzylamineto yield2-(5-(4-(2-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)-N-benzylacetamide.

In another aspect, the invention relates to the process for preparing2-(5-(4-(2-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)-N-benzylacetamidecomprising the steps of converting2-(5-(4-(2-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)acetonitrile to methyl2-(5-(4-(2-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)acetate; and reactingmethyl 2-(5-(4-(2-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)acetate withbenzylamine to yield2-(5-(4-(2-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)-N-benzylacetamide.

In another aspect, the invention relates to the process for preparing2-(5-(4-(2-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)-N-benzylacetamidecomprising the steps of reacting4-(2-(4-(6-fluoropyridin-3-yl)phenoxy)ethyl)morpholine with acetonitrileto yield 2-(5-(4-(2-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)acetonitrile;converting 2-(5-(4-(2-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)acetonitrileto methyl 2-(5-(4-(2-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)acetate; andreacting methyl 2-(5-(4-(2-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)acetatewith benzylamine to yield2-(5-(4-(2-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)-N-benzylacetamide.

In another aspect, the invention relates to the process for preparing2-(5-(4-(2-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)-N-benzylacetamidecomprising the steps of coupling 4-(2-(4-bromophenoxy)ethyl)morpholinewith 6-fluoropyridin-3-yl-3-boronic acid to yield4-(2-(4-(6-fluoropyridin-3-yl)phenoxy)ethyl)morpholine; reacting4-(2-(4-(6-fluoropyridin-3-yl)phenoxy)ethyl)morpholine with acetonitrileto yield 2-(5-(4-(2-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)acetonitrile;converting 2-(5-(4-(2-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)acetonitrileto methyl 2-(5-(4-(2-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)acetate; andreacting methyl 2-(5-(4-(2-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)acetatewith benzylamine to yield2-(5-(4-(2-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)-N-benzylacetamide.

In another aspect, the invention relates to a process for preparing2-(5-(4-(2-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)-N-benzylacetamidecomprising the step of reacting 4-(2-chloroethyl)morpholine with4-bromophenol to yield 4-(2-(4-bromophenoxy)ethyl)morpholine.

In another aspect, the invention relates to a process for preparing2-(5-(4-(2-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)-N-benzylacetamidecomprising the step of coupling 4-(2-(4-bromophenoxy)ethyl)morpholinewith 6-fluoropyridin-3-yl-3-boronic acid to yield4-(2-(4-(6-fluoropyridin-3-yl)phenoxy)ethyl)morpholine.

In another aspect, the invention relates to a process for preparing2-(5-(4-(2-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)-N-benzylacetamidecomprising the step of reacting4-(2-(4-(6-fluoropyridin-3-yl)phenoxy)ethyl)morpholine with acetonitrileto yield 2-(5-(4-(2-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)acetonitrile.

In another aspect, the invention relates to a process for preparing2-(5-(4-(2-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)-N-benzylacetamidecomprising the steps of converting2-(5-(4-(2-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)acetonitrile to methyl2-(5-(4-(2-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)acetate.

In another aspect, the invention relates to the process described abovefor KX2-391 for preparing2-(5-(4-(2-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)-N-benzylacetamidemesylate comprising the step of: contacting2-(5-(4-(2-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)-N-benzylacetamide withmethane sulfonic acid to yield2-(5-(4-(2-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)-N-benzylacetamidemesylate.

In another aspect, the invention relates to the process described abovefor KX2-391 for preparing2-(5-(4-(2-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)-N-benzylacetamidedihydrochloride comprising the step of contacting2-(5-(4-(2-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)-N-benzylacetamide withhydrochloric acid to yield2-(5-(4-(2-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)-N-benzylacetamidedihydrochloride.

In one aspect, the invention relates to a polymorph of the mesylate saltof 2-(5-(4-(2-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)-N-benzylacetamideprepared by a process described herein and further produced by apurification process comprising the step of recrystallizing a crudepreparation of said salt from acetone. In another aspect, the polymorphis produced by a purification process, wherein the amount of saidacetone used is 80 volumes.

Compositions

The invention relates to substantially pure2-(5-(4-(2-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl)pyridine-2-yl)-N-benzylacetamide(KX2-391), and salts, solvates, hydrates, or prodrugs thereof:

(KX2-391). Other names for the compound KX2-391 include2-(5-(4-(2-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)-N-benzylacetamide andKX2-391 free base.

The invention relates to compositions and processes for the synthesis ofhighly purified KX2-391 (>98.0% as determined by HPLC) which is safe andsimple and which produces KX2-391 on a large scale (>100 g). Preferablythe synthesis produces the compound in high yield (>80%) and withlimited impurities.

In preferred embodiments, KX2-391 in the compositions of the instantinvention has a purity of greater than 98%. For example, the purity ofKX2-391 in the compositions of the invention is 98.5%, 99.0%, 99.5%,99.6%, 99.7%, 99.8% or 99.9%.

In preferred embodiments, the compositions and formulations of theinvention contain less than 2% impurities. For example, the compositionsand formulations of the invention contain less than 2% of any one of thefollowing impurities, or combinations thereof: ethyl chloride, ethanol,ethyl acetate, heptane, anisole, and palladium.

Some impurities are measured in parts per million, which is a relativeweight measurement equal to weight of solute/weight of solution X1,000,000, for example, the weight of ethyl chloride/weight of KX2-391di-HCl sample X 1,000,000; for example, the weight of ethylchloride/weight of KX2-391 mesylate sample X 1,000,000.

In other preferred embodiments the composition contains less than 250ppm ethyl chloride as determined by headspace gas chromatographyresidual solvent analysis. In an embodiment, the compounds andformulations of the present invention contain ethyl chloride in a rangefrom about 0 ppm to about 250 ppm (or any value within said range). Forexample, the compositions contain less than 200 ppm, less than 200 ppm,less than 150 ppm, less than 100 ppm, or less than 50 ppm ethylchloride.

The compounds, salts and formulations of the present invention containless than about 100 ppm palladium. In an embodiment, the compounds,salts and formulations of the present invention contain palladium in arange from about 0 ppm to about 100 ppm (or any value within saidrange). For example, the compositions contain less than 75 ppm, lessthan 50 ppm, less than 30 ppm, less than 20 ppm, less than 10 ppm, orless than 5 ppm palladium.

In an embodiment, the compounds, salts and formulations of the presentinvention contain ethanol in a range from about 0 ppm to about 5000 ppm(or any value within said range). For example, the compositions containless than 4500 ppm, less than 4000 ppm, less than 3500 ppm, less than3000 ppm, less than 2500 ppm, or less than 2000 ppm ethanol.

In an embodiment, the compounds, salts and formulations of the presentinvention contain ethyl acetate in a range from about 0 ppm to about50,000 ppm (or any value within said range). For example, thecompositions contain less than 48,000 ppm, less than 45,000 ppm, lessthan 40,000 ppm, less than 35,000 ppm, less than 30,000 ppm, or lessthan 25,000 ppm ethyl acetate.

In an embodiment, the compounds, salts and formulations of the presentinvention contain heptane in a range from about 0 ppm to about 7,500 ppm(or any value within said range). For example, the compositions containless than 7,000 ppm, less than 6,500 ppm, less than 6,000 ppm, less than5,000 ppm, less than 3,000 ppm, or less than 1,000 ppm heptane.

In an embodiment, the compounds, salts and formulations of the presentinvention contain anisole in a range from about 0 ppm to about 100 ppm(or any value within said range). For example, the compositions containless than 80 ppm, less than 75 ppm, less than 50 ppm, less than 25 ppm,less than 10 ppm, or less than 5 ppm anisole.

The invention relates to a composition that includes a substantiallypure solvate of KX2-391.

The invention also relates to a composition that includes asubstantially pure hydrate of KX2-391.

The invention also includes a substantially pure acid addition salt ofKX2-391. For example, a hydrochloride salt. The acid addition salt canbe, for example, a dihydrochloride salt. For example, the acid additionsalt can be, for example, a mesylate salt.

The invention relates to a composition that includes a substantiallypure acid addition salt of KX2-391.

The invention relates to a composition that includes a substantiallypure hydrochloride salt KX2-391. The invention relates to a compositionthat includes a substantially pure dihydrochloride salt of KX2-391.

The invention relates to a composition that includes a substantiallypure mesylate salt of KX2-391.

The invention also includes a prodrug of KX2-391.

The invention also includes a substantially pure, pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt of KX2-391.

The invention also relates to a composition that includes substantiallypure KX2-391 or a solvate, hydrate, or salt thereof, and at least onepharmaceutically acceptable excipient.

The invention relates to substantially pure2-(5-(4-(2-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl)pyridine-2-yl)-N-benzylacetamidedihydrochloride:

The invention relates to compositions and processes for the synthesis ofhighly purified KX2-391•2HCl or KX2-391•MSA (>98.0% as determined byHPLC) which is safe and simple and which produces KX2-391•2 HCl orKX2-391•MSA respectively, on a large scale (>100 g) in high yield (>80%)and with limited ethyl chloride (<250 ppm ethyl chloride as determinedby headspace gas chromatography residual solvent analysis).

In preferred embodiments, KX2-391•2HCl in the compositions of theinstant invention has a purity of greater than 98%. For example, thepurity of KX2-391•2HCl in the compositions of the invention is 98.5%,99.0%, 99.5%, 99.6%, 99.7%, 99.8% or 99.9%.

In preferred embodiments, the compositions and formulations of theinvention contain less than 2% impurities. For example, the compositionsand formulations of the invention contain less than 2% of any one of thefollowing impurities, or combinations thereof: ethyl chloride, ethanol,ethyl acetate, heptane, anisole, and palladium.

In other preferred embodiments the composition contains less than 250ppm ethyl chloride as determined by headspace gas chromatographyresidual solvent analysis. In an embodiment, the compounds, salts andformulations of the present invention contain ethyl chloride in a rangefrom about 0 ppm to about 250 ppm (or any value within said range). Forexample, the compositions contain less than 200 ppm, less than 200 ppm,less than 150 ppm, less than 100 ppm, or less than 50 ppm ethylchloride.

The compounds, salts and formulations of the present invention containless than about 100 ppm palladium. In an embodiment, the compounds,salts and formulations of the present invention contain palladium in arange from about 0 ppm to about 100 ppm (or any value within saidrange). For example, the compositions contain less than 75 ppm, lessthan 50 ppm, less than 30 ppm, less than 20 ppm, less than 10 ppm, orless than 5 ppm palladium.

The invention also relates to a composition that includes substantiallypure KX2-391•2 HCl and at least one pharmaceutically acceptableexcipient.

The invention relates to substantially pure2-(5-(4-(2-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl)pyridine-2-yl)-N-benzylacetamidemesylate (KX2-391•MSA):

The invention relates to compositions and processes for the synthesis ofhighly purified KX2-391•MSA (>98.0% as determined by HPLC) which is safeand simple and which produces KX2-391•MSA on a large scale (>100 g) inhigh yield (>80%) and with limited ethyl chloride (<250 ppm ethylchloride as determined by headspace gas chromatography residual solventanalysis).

In preferred embodiments, KX2-391•MSA in the compositions of the instantinvention has a purity of greater than 98%. For example, the purity ofKX2-391•MSA in the compositions of the invention is 98.5%, 99.0%, 99.5%,99.6%, 99.7%, 99.8% or 99.9%.

In preferred embodiments, the compositions and formulations of theinvention contain less than 2% impurities. For example, the compositionsand formulations of the invention contain less than 2% of any one of thefollowing impurities, or combinations thereof: ethyl chloride, ethanol,ethyl acetate, heptane, anisole, and palladium.

In other preferred embodiments the composition contains less than 250ppm ethyl chloride as determined by headspace gas chromatographyresidual solvent analysis. In an embodiment, the compounds, salts andformulations of the present invention contain ethyl chloride in a rangefrom about 0 ppm to about 250 ppm (or any value within said range). Forexample, the compositions contain less than 200 ppm, less than 200 ppm,less than 150 ppm, less than 100 ppm, or less than 50 ppm ethylchloride.

The compounds, salts and formulations of the present invention containless than about 100 ppm palladium. In an embodiment, the compounds,salts and formulations of the present invention contain palladium in arange from about 0 ppm to about 100 ppm (or any value within saidrange). For example, the compositions contain less than 75 ppm, lessthan 50 ppm, less than 30 ppm, less than 20 ppm, less than 10 ppm, orless than 5 ppm palladium.

The invention also relates to a composition that includes substantiallypure KX2-391•MSA and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.

The invention relates to substantially pure2-(5-(4-(2-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl)pyridine-2-yl)-N-benzylacetamidemesylate (KX2-391•MSA), Form A:

The invention relates to compositions and processes for the synthesis ofhighly purified KX2-391•MSA, Form A (>98.0% as determined by HPLC) whichis safe and simple and which produces KX2-391•MSA, Form A on a largescale (>100 g) in high yield (>80%) and with limited ethyl chloride(<250 ppm ethyl chloride as determined by headspace gas chromatographyresidual solvent analysis).

In preferred embodiments, KX2-391•MSA, Form A in the compositions of theinstant invention has a purity of greater than 98%. For example, thepurity of KX2-391•MSA, Form A in the compositions of the invention is98.5%, 99.0%, 99.5%, 99.6%, 99.7%, 99.8% or 99.9%.

In preferred embodiments, the compositions and formulations of theinvention contain less than 2% impurities. For example, the compositionsand formulations of the invention contain less than 2% of any one of thefollowing impurities, or combinations thereof: ethyl chloride, ethanol,ethyl acetate, heptane, anisole, and palladium.

In other preferred embodiments the composition contains less than 250ppm ethyl chloride as determined by headspace gas chromatographyresidual solvent analysis. In an embodiment, the compounds, salts andformulations of the present invention contain ethyl chloride in a rangefrom about 0 ppm to about 250 ppm (or any value within said range). Forexample, the compositions contain less than 200 ppm, less than 200 ppm,less than 150 ppm, less than 100 ppm, or less than 50 ppm ethylchloride.

The compounds, salts and formulations of the present invention containless than about 100 ppm palladium. In an embodiment, the compounds,salts and formulations of the present invention contain palladium in arange from about 0 ppm to about 100 ppm (or any value within saidrange). For example, the compositions contain less than 75 ppm, lessthan 50 ppm, less than 30 ppm, less than 20 ppm, less than 10 ppm, orless than 5 ppm palladium.

The invention also relates to a composition that includes substantiallypure KX2-391•MSA, Form A and at least one pharmaceutically acceptableexcipient.

Certain compounds and salts of the invention are non-ATP competitivekinase inhibitors.

For example, the compounds of the invention or salts thereof are usefulto treat or prevent a microbial infection, such as a bacterial, fungal,parasitic or viral infection.

A compound of the invention or salt thereof may be used as apharmaceutical agent. For example, a compound of the invention or saltthereof is used as an anti-proliferative agent, for treating humansand/or animals, such as for treating humans and/or other mammals. Thecompounds or salts may be used without limitation, for example, asanti-cancer, anti-angiogenesis, anti-microbial, anti-bacterial,anti-fungal, anti-parasitic and/or anti-viral agents. Additionally, thecompounds or salts may be used for other cell proliferation-relateddisorders such as diabetic retinopathy, macular degeneration andpsoriases. Anti-cancer agents include anti-metastatic agents.

The compound of the invention or salt thereof used as a pharmaceuticalagent may be, for example, substantially pure KX2-391, KX2-391•2HCl,KX2-391•MSA, or KX2-391•MSA, Form A.

The present invention provides compositions and formulations whichcontain limited impurities. The compounds, salts and formulations of thepresent invention have a purity greater than about 98.0% as determinedby known methods in the art, for example, HPLC. In an embodiment, thecompounds, salts and formulations of the present invention have a purityranging from about 99.0% to about 100% (or any value within said range).For example, such compounds, salts, compositions, or formulations canhave a purity of 98.1%, 98.2%, 98.3%, 98.4%, 98.5%, 98.6%, 98.7%, 98.8%,98.9%, 99.0%, 99.1%, 99.2%, 99.3%, 99.4%, 99.5%, 99.6%, 99.7%, 99.8%, or99.9%.

In order to elicit the maximum pharmacodynamic and therapeutic effect ofthe compositions and formulations of the present invention, it isbeneficial to limit the levels of impurities such as ethyl chloride andpalladium. These impurities can result in undesirable toxicity.

In preferred embodiments, the compositions and formulations of theinvention contain less than 2% impurities. For example, the compositionsand formulations of the invention contain less than 2% of any one of thefollowing impurities, or combinations thereof: ethyl chloride, ethanol,ethyl acetate, heptane, anisole, and palladium.

In other preferred embodiments the composition contains less than 250ppm ethyl chloride as determined by headspace gas chromatographyresidual solvent analysis. In an embodiment, the compounds andformulations of the present invention contain ethyl chloride in a rangefrom about 0 ppm to about 250 ppm (or any value within said range). Forexample, the compositions contain less than 200 ppm, less than 200 ppm,less than 150 ppm, less than 100 ppm, or less than 50 ppm ethylchloride.

The compounds, salts and formulations of the present invention containless than about 100 ppm palladium. In an embodiment, the compounds,salts and formulations of the present invention contain palladium in arange from about 0 ppm to about 100 ppm (or any value within saidrange). For example, the compositions contain less than 75 ppm, lessthan 50 ppm, less than 30 ppm, less than 20 ppm, less than 10 ppm, orless than 5 ppm palladium.

Polymorph Compositions

In one aspect, the invention includes a polymorph of the mesylate saltof 2-(5-(4-(2-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)-N-benzylacetamide(Form A) characterized by an X-ray diffraction pattern substantiallysimilar to that set forth in FIG. 7.

In another aspect, the invention includes a polymorph of the mesylatesalt of2-(5-(4-(2-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)-N-benzylacetamide (FormA) characterized by an X-ray diffraction pattern including peaks atabout 22.7, 19.7, 18.9 and 16.3 degrees 2θ.

In one aspect the invention includes a polymorph of the mesylate salt of2-(5-(4-(2-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)-N-benzylacetamide (FormA) characterized by an X-ray diffraction pattern including peaks atabout 13.1, 15.6, 16.3, 17.5, 18.9, 19.7, 20.1, 20.9, 21.4, 22.3, 22.7,23.5, 25.7, 26.1, 26.4, 26.8, and 27.1 degrees 2θ.

In one aspect, the polymorph of the invention is characterized by anX-ray diffraction pattern measured by Cu Kα radiation.

In one aspect, the invention includes a polymorph of the mesylate saltof 2-(5-(4-(2-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)-N-benzylacetamide(Form A) characterized by a Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)thermogram having a single maximum value at about 164.

In one aspect, the polymorph of the invention is characterized by a DSCthermogram as measured by a Mettler 822^(e) DSC instrument.

In one aspect, the invention includes a polymorph of the mesylate saltof 2-(5-(4-(2-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)-N-benzylacetamide(Form A) characterized by an X-ray diffraction pattern substantiallysimilar to that set forth in FIG. 7 and by a Differential ScanningCalorimetry (DSC) thermogram having a single maximum value at about 164.

In another aspect, the invention includes a polymorph of the mesylatesalt of2-(5-(4-(2-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)-N-benzylacetamide (FormA) characterized by an X-ray diffraction pattern including peaks atabout 22.7, 19.7, 18.9 and 16.3 degrees 2θ and by a DifferentialScanning Calorimetry (DSC) thermogram having a single maximum value atabout 164.

In one aspect, the invention includes a polymorph of the mesylate saltof 2-(5-(4-(2-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)-N-benzylacetamide(Form A) characterized by an X-ray diffraction pattern including peaksat about 13.1, 15.6, 16.3, 17.5, 18.9, 19.7, 20.1, 20.9, 21.4, 22.3,22.7, 23.5, 25.7, 26.1, 26.4, 26.8, and 27.1 degrees 2θ and by aDifferential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) thermogram having a singlemaximum value at about 164.

In one aspect, the invention includes a polymorph of the mesylate saltof 2-(5-(4-(2-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)-N-benzylacetamide(Form A) characterized by thermal gravimetric analysis as havingnegligible weight loss below 230° C.

In one aspect, the polymorph of the invention is characterized bythermal gravimetric analysis as measured by a Mettler851^(e) STDA/TGAinstrument.

In one aspect, the invention includes a polymorph of the mesylate saltof 2-(5-(4-(2-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)-N-benzylacetamide(Form A) characterized by an X-ray diffraction pattern substantiallysimilar to that set forth in FIG. 7; by a Differential ScanningCalorimetry (DSC) thermogram having a single maximum value at about 164,and by thermal gravimetric analysis as having negligible weight lossbelow 230° C.

In another aspect, the invention includes a polymorph of the mesylatesalt of2-(5-(4-(2-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)-N-benzylacetamide (FormA) characterized by an X-ray diffraction pattern including peaks atabout 22.7, 19.7, 18.9 and 16.3 degrees 2θ; by a Differential ScanningCalorimetry (DSC) thermogram having a single maximum value at about 164,and by thermal gravimetric analysis as having negligible weight lossbelow 230° C.

In one aspect, the invention includes a polymorph of the mesylate saltof 2-(5-(4-(2-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)-N-benzylacetamide(Form A) characterized by an X-ray diffraction pattern including peaksat about 13.1, 15.6, 16.3, 17.5, 18.9, 19.7, 20.1, 20.9, 21.4, 22.3,22.7, 23.5, 25.7, 26.1, 26.4, 26.8, and 27.1 degrees 2θ; by aDifferential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) thermogram having a singlemaximum value at about 164, and by thermal gravimetric analysis ashaving negligible weight loss below 230° C.

In one aspect, the invention includes a polymorph of the mesylate saltof 2-(5-(4-(2-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)-N-benzylacetamide(Form A) characterized by Moisture-Sorption Analysis having absorptionof water around 1.1 wt % water at 60% RH and 5.7wt % water at 90% RH.

In one aspect, the polymorph of the invention is characterized byMoisture-Sorption Analysis as measured by a Hiden IGAsorp MoistureSorption Instrument.

In one aspect, the invention includes a polymorph of the mesylate saltof 2-(5-(4-(2-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)-N-benzylacetamide(Form A) characterized by an X-ray diffraction pattern substantiallysimilar to that set forth in FIG. 7; by a Differential ScanningCalorimetry (DSC) thermogram having a single maximum value at about 164;by thermal gravimetric analysis as having negligible weight loss below230° C., and by Moisture-Sorption Analysis having absorption of wateraround 1.1 wt % water at 60% RH and 5.7 wt % water at 90% RH.

In another aspect, the invention includes a polymorph of the mesylatesalt of2-(5-(4-(2-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)-N-benzylacetamide (FormA) characterized by an X-ray diffraction pattern including peaks atabout 22.7, 19.7, 18.9 and 16.3 degrees 2θ; by a Differential ScanningCalorimetry (DSC) thermogram having a single maximum value at about 164;by thermal gravimetric analysis as having negligible weight loss below230° C., and by Moisture-Sorption Analysis having absorption of wateraround 1.1 wt % water at 60% RH and 5.7 wt % water at 90% RH.

In one aspect, the invention includes a polymorph of the mesylate saltof 2-(5-(4-(2-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)-N-benzylacetamide(Form A) characterized by an X-ray diffraction pattern including peaksat about 13.1, 15.6, 16.3, 17.5, 18.9, 19.7, 20.1, 20.9, 21.4, 22.3,22.7, 23.5, 25.7, 26.1, 26.4, 26.8, and 27.1 degrees 2θ; by aDifferential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) thermogram having a singlemaximum value at about 164; by thermal gravimetric analysis as havingnegligible weight loss below 230° C., and by Moisture-Sorption Analysishaving absorption of water around 1.1 wt % water at 60% RH and 5.7 wt %water at 90% RH.

In one aspect, the invention includes a polymorph of the mesylate saltof 2-(5-(4-(2-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)-N-benzylacetamidemesylate salt (Form A) characterized by High-Pressure LiquidChromatography as having a peak at around 9.1.

In one aspect, the instrument parameters for obtaining the High-PressureLiquid Chromatography are shown in Example 10.

In one aspect, a polymorph of the invention is characterized byHigh-Pressure Liquid Chromatography as measured by a Waters AllianceHPLC instrument.

In one aspect, the invention includes a polymorph of the mesylate saltof 2-(5-(4-(2-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)-N-benzylacetamide(Form A) characterized by an X-ray diffraction pattern substantiallysimilar to that set forth in FIG. 7; by a Differential ScanningCalorimetry (DSC) thermogram having a single maximum value at about 164;by thermal gravimetric analysis as having negligible weight loss below230° C.; by Moisture-Sorption Analysis having absorption of water around1.1 wt % water at 60% RH and 5.7 wt % water at 90% RH, and byHigh-Pressure Liquid Chromatography as having a peak at around 9.1.

In another aspect, the invention includes a polymorph of the mesylatesalt of2-(5-(4-(2-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)-N-benzylacetamide (FormA) characterized by an X-ray diffraction pattern including peaks atabout 22.7, 19.7, 18.9 and 16.3 degrees 2θ; by a Differential ScanningCalorimetry (DSC) thermogram having a single maximum value at about 164;by thermal gravimetric analysis as having negligible weight loss below230° C.; by Moisture-Sorption Analysis having absorption of water around1.1 wt % water at 60% RH and 5.7 wt % water at 90% RH, and byHigh-Pressure Liquid Chromatography as having a peak at around 9.1.

In one aspect, the invention includes a polymorph of the mesylate saltof 2-(5-(4-(2-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)-N-benzylacetamide(Form A) characterized by an X-ray diffraction pattern including peaksat about 13.1, 15.6, 16.3, 17.5, 18.9, 19.7, 20.1, 20.9, 21.4, 22.3,22.7, 23.5, 25.7, 26.1, 26.4, 26.8, and 27.1 degrees 2θ; by aDifferential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) thermogram having a singlemaximum value at about 164; by thermal gravimetric analysis as havingnegligible weight loss below 230° C.; by Moisture-Sorption Analysishaving absorption of water around 1.1 wt % water at 60% RH and 5.7 wt %water at 90% RH and by High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography as having apeak at around 9.1.

In one aspect, the invention includes a polymorph of the mesylate saltof 2-(5-(4-(2-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)-N-benzylacetamidemesylate salt (Form A) characterized by Attenuated Total-ReflectionFourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) having characteristicpeaks at about 1641, 1211, 1163, 1150, 1035, 831, 771, and 746Wavenumbers (cm-¹).

In one aspect, a polymorph of the invention is characterized by ATR-FTIRas measured by a Thermo-Nicolet Avatar 370 with Smart EnduranceAttenuated Total-Reflection Attachment.

In one aspect, the invention includes a polymorph of the mesylate saltof 2-(5-(4-(2-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)-N-benzylacetamide(Form A) characterized by an X-ray diffraction pattern substantiallysimilar to that set forth in FIG. 7; by a Differential ScanningCalorimetry (DSC) thermogram having a single maximum value at about 164;by thermal gravimetric analysis as having negligible weight loss below230° C.; by Moisture-Sorption Analysis having absorption of water around1.1 wt % water at 60% RH and 5.7 wt % water at 90% RH; by High-PressureLiquid Chromatography as having a peak at around 9.1, and by AttenuatedTotal-Reflection Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR)having characteristic peaks at about 1641, 1211, 1163, 1150, 1035, 831,771, and 746 Wavenumbers (cm⁻¹).

In another aspect, the invention includes a polymorph of the mesylatesalt of2-(5-(4-(2-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)-N-benzylacetamide (FormA) characterized by an X-ray diffraction pattern including peaks atabout 22.7, 19.7, 18.9 and 16.3 degrees 2θ; by a Differential ScanningCalorimetry (DSC) thermogram having a single maximum value at about 164;by thermal gravimetric analysis as having negligible weight loss below230° C.; by Moisture-Sorption Analysis having absorption of water around1.1 wt % water at 60% RH and 5.7 wt % water at 90% RH; by High-PressureLiquid Chromatography as having a peak at around 9.1, and by AttenuatedTotal-Reflection Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR)having characteristic peaks at about 1641, 1211, 1163, 1150, 1035, 831,771, and 746 Wavenumbers (cm⁻¹).

In one aspect, the invention includes a polymorph of the mesylate saltof 2-(5-(4-(2-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)-N-benzylacetamide(Form A) characterized by an X-ray diffraction pattern including peaksat about 13.1, 15.6, 16.3, 17.5, 18.9, 19.7, 20.1, 20.9, 21.4, 22.3,22.7, 23.5, 25.7, 26.1, 26.4, 26.8, and 27.1 degrees 2θ; by aDifferential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) thermogram having a singlemaximum value at about 164; by thermal gravimetric analysis as havingnegligible weight loss below 230° C.; by Moisture-Sorption Analysishaving absorption of water around 1.1 wt % water at 60% RH and 5.7 wt %water at 90% RH; by High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography as having a peakat around 9.1, and by Attenuated Total-Reflection Fourier TransformInfrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) having characteristic peaks at about1641, 1211, 1163, 1150, 1035, 831, 771, and 746 Wavenumbers (cm⁻¹).

In one aspect, the invention includes a pharmaceutical compositioncomprising a polymorph of the mesylate salt of2-(5-(4-(2-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)-N-benzylacetamide (FormA) and a pharmaceutically acceptable exipient or carrier.

In one aspect the invention includes a method of treating or preventingdisease or condition in a subject in need thereof, said methodcomprising the step of administering to said subject a pharmaceuticalcomposition of the invention, wherein said disease or condition isselected from cancer, hearing loss, osteoporosis, obesity, diabetes,ophthalmic diseases, stroke, atherosclerosis, neuropathic pain,hepatitis B, autoimmune disease.

In one aspect, the invention includes a process for preparing apolymorph of the mesylate salt of2-(5-(4-(2-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)-N-benzylacetamide (FormA) comprising the step of adding methanesulfonic acid to2-(5-(4-(2-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)-N-benzylacetamide inacetone. In one aspect, the amount of said acetone is greater than 64volumes. In one aspect, the amount of said acetone is greater than 64volumes and less than 100 volumes. In one aspect, the amount of saidacetone is 80 volumes. The term “volumes” refers to the volume of liquidneeded to dissolve a mass of material i.e., (mL solvent)/(grams ofcompound)=volumes.

Methods of Use

Because kinases are involved in the regulation of a wide variety ofnormal cellular signal transduction pathways (e.g., cell growth,differentiation, survival, adhesion, migration, etc.), kinases arethought to play a role in a variety of diseases and disorders. Thus,modulation of kinase signaling cascades may be an important way to treator prevent such diseases and disorders. Such diseases and disordersinclude, for example, cancers, osteoporosis, cardiovascular disorders,immune system dysfunction, type II diabetes, obesity, and transplantrejection.

Compounds of the invention or salts thereof are useful in modulation acomponent of the kinase signaling cascade. Some compounds or saltsthereof may be useful in modulation of more than one component of akinase signaling cascade. The phrase “modulates one or more componentsof a protein kinase signaling cascade” means that one or more componentsof the kinase signaling cascade are affected such that the functioningof a cell changes. Components of a protein kinase signaling cascadeinclude any proteins involved directly or indirectly in the kinasesignaling pathway including second messengers and upstream anddownstream targets.

A number of protein kinases and phosphatases are known, and are targetsfor the development of therapeutics. See, e.g., Hidaka and Kobayashi,Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol, 1992, 32:377-397; Davies et al., Biochem.J., 2000, 351:95-105, each of which is incorporated by reference herein.

One family of kinases, the protein tyrosine kinases are divided into twolarge families: receptor tyrosine kinases, or RTKs (e.g., insulinreceptor kinase (IRK), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), basicfibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR), platelet-derived growth factorreceptor (PDGFR), vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR-2or Flk1/KDR), and nerve growth factor receptor (NGFR)) and nonreceptortyrosine kinases, or NRTKs (e.g., the Src family (Src, Fyn, Yes, Blk,Yrk, Fgr, Hck, Lck, and Lyn), Fak, Jak, Abl and Zap70). See, forexample, Parang and Sun, Expert Opin. Ther. Patents, 2005, 15:1183-1207,incorporated by reference herein.

Because of the role of Src kinases in a variety of cancers, thesekinases are the subject of a number of studies relating to thedevelopment of Src inhibitors as cancer therapeutics, including highlymetastatic cancer cell growth. Src inhibitors are sought as therapeuticsfor a variety of cancers, including, for example, colon cancer,precancerous colon lesions, ovarian cancer, breast cancer, epithelialcancers, esophageal cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, pancreaticcancer, and others. See, e.g., Frame, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 2002,1602:114-130 and Parang and Sun, Expert Opin. Ther. Patents, 2005,15:1183-1207.

Inhibition of other kinases may be useful in the treatment andmodulation of other types of diseases and disorders. For example,various eye diseases may be inhibited or prevented by administration ofVEGF receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Inhibitors of the tyrosinephosphatase PTP-1B and/or glycogen phosphorylase may provide treatmentsfor Type II diabetes or obesity. Inhibitors of p561ck may be useful intreating immune system disorders. Other targets include HIV reversetranscriptase, thromboxane synthase, EGFRTK, p55 fyn, etc.

Compounds of the invention or salts thereof may be Src signalinginhibitors that bind in the Src peptide substrate site. The activity ofvarious compounds of the invention and salts has been studied in c-Src(527F, constitutively active and transforming) transformed NIH3T3 cellsand in human colon cancer cells (HT29). For example, in these celllines, KX2-391 was shown to reduce the phosphorylation level of knownSrc protein substrates in a dose-dependent fashion and in goodcorrelation with growth inhibitory effects. Thus, in some embodiments,compounds of the invention or salts thereof may directly inhibit Src,and may do so by binding in the peptide binding site (as opposed tobinding at an allosteric site).

Molecular modeling experiments have been performed which show thatcompounds of the invention fit into the model Src substrate site (See,e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,005,445 and 7,070,936). Modeling is also used toretool the Src kinase inhibitor scaffolds in order to target otherkinases, simply by using a different set of side chains present on themolecules and/or modifying the scaffold itself.

Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that theconformation of some kinases (e.g., Src) outside cells relative to theconformation inside cells is markedly different, because inside cells,many kinases are is embedded in multiprotein signaling complexes. Thus,because the peptide substrate binding site is not well formed in anisolated kinase (as shown by Src x-ray structures), it is believed thatthe activity against isolated kinase for a peptide substrate bindinginhibitor would be weak. Binding to this site in an isolated kinaseassay requires the inhibitor to capture the very small percentage oftotal protein in an isolated enzyme assay that is in the sameconformation that exists inside cells. This requires a large excess ofthe inhibitor to drain significant amounts of the enzyme from thecatalytic cycle in the assay in order to be detectable.

However, for cell-based assays, a large inhibitor excess is not neededbecause the peptide binding site is expected to be formed. In cell-basedSrc assays, SH2 & SH3 domain binding proteins have already shifted theSrc conformation so that the peptide substrate binding site is fullyformed. Thus, low concentrations of the inhibitor can remove the enzymefrom the catalytic cycle since all of the enzyme is in the tight bindingconformation.

The vast majority of known kinase inhibitors are ATP competitive andshow poor selectivity in a panel of isolated kinase assays. However,many of the compounds of the invention or salts thereof are thought tobe peptide substrate binding inhibitors. Thus, traditional highthroughput screening of compounds and salts against isolated enzymes,such as Src, would not result in the discovery of compounds of theinvention and salts thereof.

Compounds of the invention or salts thereof may be a kinase inhibitor.The compound of the invention or salt thereof may be a non-ATPcompetitive kinase inhibitor. The compound of the invention or saltthereof may inhibit a kinase directly, or it may affect the kinasepathway. In one embodiment, the compound or salt thereof inhibits one ormore components of a protein kinase signaling cascade. In anotherembodiment, the compound or salt thereof is an allosteric inhibitor. Inanother embodiment, the compound or salt thereof is a peptide substrateinhibitor. In another embodiment, the compound or salt therof does notinhibit ATP binding to a protein kinase. In one embodiment, the compoundor salt therof inhibits a Src family protein kinase. In anotherembodiment, the Src family protein kinase is pp60^(c-src) tyrosinekinase.

The compounds of the present invention or salts therof are useful aspharmaceutical agents, for example, as therapeutic agents for treatinghumans and animals. The compounds or salts therof may be used withoutlimitation, for example, as anti-cancer, anti-angiogenesis,anti-metastatic, anti-microbial, anti-bacterial, anti-fungal,anti-parasitic and/or anti-viral agents. Certain polymorphs may be usedwithout limitation, for example, as anti-cancer, anti-angiogenesis,anti-metastatic, anti-microbial, anti-bacterial, anti-fungal,anti-parasitic and/or anti-viral agents.

In one embodiment, the administration of the composition of theinvention is carried out orally, parentally, subcutaneously,intravenously, intramuscularly, intraperitoneally, by intranasalinstillation, by intracavitary or intravesical instillation, topicallye.g., by administering drops into the ear, intraarterially,intralesionally, by metering pump, or by application to mucousmembranes. In another embodiment, the compound or salt thereof isadministered with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

Cancer

There is considerable recent literature support for targeting pp60c-src(Src) as a broadly useful approach to cancer therapy without resultingin serious toxicity. For example, tumors that display enhanced EGFreceptor PTK signaling, or overexpress the related Her-2/neu receptor,have constitutively activated Src and enhanced tumor invasiveness.Inhibition of Src in these cells induces growth arrest, triggersapoptosis, and reverses the transformed phenotype (Karni et al. (1999)Oncogene 18(33): 4654-4662). It is known that abnormally elevated Srcactivity allows transformed cells to grow in an anchorage-independentfashion. This is apparently caused by the fact that extracellular matrixsignaling elevates Src activity in the FAK/Src pathway, in a coordinatedfashion with mitogenic signaling, and thereby blocks an apoptoticmechanism which would normally have been activated. Consequently FAK/Srcinhibition in tumor cells may induce apoptosis because the apoptoticmechanism which would have normally become activated upon breaking freefrom the extracellular matrix would be induced (Hisano, et al., Proc.Annu. Meet. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res. 38:A1925 (1997)). Additionally,reduced VEGF mRNA expression was noted upon Src inhibition and tumorsderived from these Src-inhibited cell lines showed reduced angiogenicdevelopment (Ellis et al., Journal of Biological Chemistry 273(2):1052-1057 (1998)).

Src has been proposed to be a “universal” target for cancer therapysince it has been found to be overactivated in a growing number of humantumors (Levitzki, Current Opinion in Cell Biology, 8, 239-244 (1996);Levitzki, Anti-Cancer Drug Design, 11, 175-182 (1996)). The potentialbenefits of Src inhibition for cancer therapy appear to be four-foldinhibition of uncontrolled cell growth caused by autocrine growth factorloop effects, inhibition of metastasis due to triggering apoptosis uponbreaking free from the cell matrix, inhibition of tumor angiogenesis viareduced VEGF levels, and low toxicity.

Prostate cancer cells have been reported to have both an over expressionof paxillin and p130cas and are hyperphosphorylated (Tremblay et al.,Int. J. Cancer, 68, 164-171, 1996) and may thus be a prime target forSrc inhibitors.

The invention includes a method of preventing or treating a cellproliferation disorder by administering a pharmaceutical compositionthat includes a substantially pure KX2-391, or a salt, solvate, hydrate,or prodrug thereof, and at least one pharmaceutically acceptableexcipient to a subject in need thereof. The invention includessubstantially pure KX2-391 bis-HCl. The invention includes substantiallypure KX2-391 mesylate. The invention includes a polymorph of KX2-391•MSAe.g., Form A.

For example, the cell proliferation disorder is pre-cancer or cancer.The cell proliferation disorder treated or prevented by the compounds ofthe invention or salts thereof may be a cancer, such as, for example,colon cancer or lung cancer. The cell proliferation disorder treated orprevented by the compounds of the invention or salts thereof may be ahyperproliferative disorder. The cell proliferation disorder treated orprevented by the compounds of the invention or salts thereof may bepsoriases.

Treatment or prevention of the proliferative disorder may occur throughthe inhibition of a tyrosine kinase. For example, the tyrosine kinasecan be a Src kinase or focal adhesion kinase (FAK).

In one embodiment, a compound of the invention or salt thereof may beused to treat or prevent brain cancer in a subject. Another aspect ofthe invention includes use of a compound of the invention or saltthereof in the manufacture of a medicament to treat or prevent braincancer. In order to protect against brain cancer, the compound or saltmay be administered prior to the development of brain cancer in asubject. Alternatively, the compound or salt may be used to treat braincancer in a subject. A compound of the instant invention or salt thereofused to treat or prevent brain cancer may be involved in modulating akinase signaling cascade e.g., a kinase inhibitor, a non-ATP competitiveinhibitor, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, a protein kinase phosphataseinhibitor or a protein-tyrosine phosphates 1B inhibitor.

The term “brain cancer” encompasses a variety of cancers. There can beactual brain tumors which arise from the brain itself, known as primarybrain cancers of which there are several. The term “brain cancer” refersto malignant tumors i.e., tumors that grow and spread aggressively,overpowering healthy cells by taking up their space, blood, andnutrients. Tumors that do not spread aggressively are called benigntumors. Benign tumors are generally less serious than a malignant tumor,but a benign tumor can still cause problems in the brain. There can alsobe brain metastases, which represent the spread of other cancers, suchas lung or breast to the brain.

Brain tumors are classified by both the cell of the brain that makesthem up and how the tumor looks under the microscope. Primary braintumors arise from any of the cells in the brain, or from specificstructures in the brain. Glia cells support the neurons of the brain andtumors which arise from these cells are known as glial tumors. Themembrane that surrounds the brain can also develop tumors and these areknown as meningiomas. There are other types of tumors, which involveother structures of the brain including ependymoma. The most commonprimary brain tumors are gliomas, meningiomas, pituitary adenomas,vestibular schwannomas, and primitive neuroectodermal tumors(medullablastomas).

The present invention provides a method of treating or preventingglioblastoma, a malignant rapidly growing astrocytoma of the centralnervous system and usually of a cerebral hemisphere. Synonyms forglioblastoma include glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), giant cellglioblastoma, and multiforme spongioblastoma multiforme. Gioblastoma isthe most common malignant primary brain tumor and have proven verydifficult to treat. These tumors are often aggressive and infiltratesurrounding brain tissue. Glioblastomas arise from glial cells, whichare cells that form the tissue that surrounds and protects other nervecells found within the brain and spinal cord. Gioblastomas are mainlycomposed of star-shaped glial cells known as astrocytes. The term“glioma” includes any type of brain tumor such as astrocytomas,oligodendrogliomas, ependymomas, and choroid plexus papillomas.Astrocytomas come in four grades based on how fast the cells arereproducing and the likelihood that they will infiltrate nearby tissue.Grades I or II astrocytomas are nonmalignant and may be referred to aslow-grade. Grades III and IV astrocytomas are malignant and may bereferred to as high-grade astrocytomas. Grade II astrocytomas are knownas anaplastic astrocytomas. Grade IV astrocytomas are known asglioblastoma multiforme.

The invention provides a method of treating or preventingmedulloblastoma. Medulloblastoma is a highly malignant primary braintumor that originates in the cerebellum or posterior fossa. Originallyconsidered to be a glioma, medulloblastoma is now known to be of thefamily of cranial primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNET).

Tumors that originate in the cerebellum are referred to asinfratentorial because they occur below the tentorium, a thick membranethat separates the cerebral hemispheres of the brain from thecerebellum. Another term for medulloblastoma is infratentorial PNET.Medulloblastoma is the most common PNET originating in the brain. AllPNET tumors of the brain are invasive and rapidly growing tumors that,unlike most brain tumors, spread through the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)and frequently metastasize to different locations in the brain andspine. The peak of occurrence of medullablastoma is seven years of age.Seventy percent of medulloblastomas occur in individuals younger than16. Desmoplastic medulloblastoma is encountered especially in adulthood.This type of tumor rarely occurs beyond the fifth decade of life.

The present invention provides a method for treating or preventingneuroblastoma, a cancer that forms in nervé tissue. The cells ofneuroblastoma usually resemble very primitive developing nerve cellsfound in an embryo or fetus. The term neuro indicates “nerves,” whileblastoma refers to a cancer that affects immature or developing cells.Neurons (nerve cells) are the main component of the brain and spinalcord and of the nerves that connect them to the rest of the body.Neuroblastoma usually begins in the adrenal glands, but it may alsobegin in the spinal cord. Neuroblastoma is the most common extracranialsolid cancer in childhood. In 2007, neuroblasoma was the most commoncancer in infancy, with an annual incidence of about 650 new cases peryear in the US. Close to 50 percent of neuroblastoma cases occur inchildren younger than two years old. It is a neuroendocrine tumor,arising from any neural crest element of the sympathetic nervous systemor SNS. A branch of the autonomic nervous system, the SNS is a nervenetwork that carries messages from the brain throughout the body and isresponsible for the fight-or-flight response and production ofadrenaline or epinephrine.

The invention provides a method of treating or preventingneuroepithelioma, malignant tumors of the neuroepithelium.Neuroepithelioma is found most commonly in children and young adults. Itarises most often in the chest wall, pelvis, or extremity, either inbone or soft tissue. Procedures used in the diagnosis may include bloodand urine tests, X rays of the affected bone and the whole body andlungs, bone marrow aspirations, CT scans, and fluoroscopy. Treatmentsinclude surgery, radiation therapy and chemotherapy. Ewing's tumors arean example of a type of peripheral neuroepithelioma.

Kinases have been shown to play a role in brain cancers. Gene expressionprofiles of glioblastoma multiforme have identified tyrosine kinases asplaying a role in glioma migration/invasion. For example, PYK2 is amember of the focal adhesion family of nonrecptor tyrosine kinases; itis closely involved with src-induced increased actin polymerization atthe fibroblastic cell periphery. Its role in glioma migration/invasionhas become more clear, as overexpression of PYK2 induced glioblastomacell migration in culture. Levels of activated PYK2 positivelycorrelated with the migration phenotype in four glioblastoma cell lines(SF767, G112, T98G and U118). Analysis of activated PYK2 in GBMinvastion in situ revealed strong staining in infiltrating GBM cells.(See, Hoelzinger et al, Neoplasia, vol. 7(1)7-16. Thus, modulation of akinase receptor using a compound of the invention may be useful in theprevention or treatment of brain cancers such as glioblastomamultiforme.

The invention is also drawn to a method of treating or preventing canceror a proliferation disorder in a subject, comprising administering acomposition comprising an effective amount of a substantially pureKX2-391, or a salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof, for example,substantially pure KX2-391, KX2-391•2HCl or KX2-391•MSA. The inventionincludes administering an effective amount of a substantially purepolymorph of KX2-391•MSA e.g., Form A.

Hearing Loss

As described herein, a compound of the invention or salt thereof may beused to protect against or prevent hearing loss in a subject. In oneaspect, a polymorph of the invention may be used to protect against orprevent hearing loss in a subject. In order to protect against hearingloss, the compound or salt may be administered prior to noise exposureor exposure to a drug which induces hearing loss to prevent hearing lossor to reduce the level of hearing loss. Such drugs which induce hearingloss may include chemotherapeutic drugs (e.g., platinum-based drugswhich target hair cells) and aminoglycoside antibiotics. A compound ofthe invention or salt may provide a synergistic effect with certaincancer drugs. For example, promising inhibitors can be screened inprimary human tumor tissue assays, particularly to look for synergy withother known anti-cancer drugs. In addition, the protein kinaseinhibitors may reduce toxicity of certain cancer drugs (e.g.,platinum-based drugs which are toxic to the cochlea and kidney), therebyallowing increased dosage.

Alternatively, a compound of the invention or salt thereof may be usedto treat hearing loss in a subject. In this embodiment, the compound orsalt is administered to the subject subsequent to the initiation ofhearing loss to reduce the level of hearing loss. A compound of theinvention may be involved in modulating a kinase cascade, e.g. a kinaseinhibitor, a non-ATP competitive inhibitor, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor,a Src inhibitor or a focal adhesion kinase (FAK) modulator. Although notwishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that the administration ofkinase inhibitors prevents apoptosis of cochlear hair cells, therebypreventing hearing loss. In one embodiment, administration of a compoundof the invention or salt therof is administered to a subject sufferingfrom hearing loss in order to prevent further hearing loss. In anotherembodiment, administration of a compound of the invention or saltthereof is administered to a subject suffering from hearing loss inorder to restore lost hearing. In particular, following noise exposure,the tight cell junctures between the cochlear hair cells, as well as thecell-extracellular matrix interaction, are torn and stressed. Thestressing of these tight cell junctures initiates apoptosis in the cellsthrough a complex signaling pathway in which tyrosine kinases act asmolecular switches, interacting with focal adhesion kinase to transducesignals of cell-matrix disruptions to the nucleus. It is believed thatthe administration of kinase inhibitors prevents the initiation ofapoptosis in this cascade.

The identification of apoptosis in the noise-exposed cochlea hasgenerated a number of new possibilities for the prevention ofnoise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) (Hu, et al.; 2000, Acta. Otolaryngol.,120, 19-24). For example, the ear can be protected from NIHL byadministration of antioxidant drugs to the round window of the ear(Hight, et al.; 2003, Hear. Res., 179, 21-32; Hu, et al.; Hear. Res.113, 198-206). Specifically, NIHL has been reduced by the administrationof FDA-approved antioxidant compounds (N-L-acetylcysteine (L-NAC) andsalicylate) in the chinchilla (Kopke, et al.; 2000, Hear. Res., 149,138-146). Moreover, Harris et al. have recently described prevention ofNIHL with Src-PTK inhibitors (Harris, et al.; 2005, Hear. Res., 208,14-25). Thus, it is hypothesized that the administration of a compoundof the instant invention which modulates the activity of kinases, isuseful for treating hearing loss.

Changes in cell attachment or cell stress can activate a variety ofsignals through the activation of integrins and through thephosphorylation of PTKs, including the Src family of tyrosine kinases.Src interactions have been linked to signaling pathways that modify thecytoskeleton and activate a variety of protein kinase cascades thatregulate cell survival and gene transcription (reviewed in Giancotti andRuoslahti; 1999, Science, 285, 1028-1032). In fact, recent results haveindicated that outer hair cells (OHC), which had detached at the cellbase following an intense noise exposure, underwent apoptotic celldeath. Specifically, the Src PTK signaling cascade is thought to beinvolved in both metabolic- and mechanically-induced initiation ofapoptosis in sensory cells of the cochlea. In a recent study, Srcinhibitors provided protection from a 4 hour, 4 kHz octave band noise at106 dB, indicating that Src-PTKs might be activated in outer hair cellsfollowing noise exposure (Harris, et al.; 2005, Hear. Res., 208, 14-25).Thus, compounds of the instant invention that modulate the activity ofSrc, are useful in treating hearing loss.

Another aspect of the invention includes a method of protecting againstor treating hearing loss in a subject comprising administering acomposition comprising an effective amount of a substantially pureKX2-391, or a salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof, for example,substantially pure KX2-391, KX2-391•2HCl, or KX2-391•MSA. The inventionincludes administering an effective amount of a substantially purepolymorph of KX2-391•MSA e.g., Form A.

In one embodiment, the compound is administered before initiation ofhearing loss. In another embodiment, the compound is administered afterinitiation of hearing loss.

In one embodiment, the compound is administered in combination with adrug that causes hearing loss e.g., cis platinum or an aminoglycosideantibiotic. In another embodiment, the compound is administered incombination with a drug that targets hairy cells.

Osteoporosis

The present invention relates to a method for protecting against ortreating osteoporosis in a subject. In one aspect, the method includesprotecting against or treating osteoporosis using a polymorph of theinvention. This method involves administering an effective amount of acompound of the invention or salt thereof to the subject to protectagainst or to treat osteoporosis. In order to protect againstosteoporosis, the compound or salt may be administered prior to thedevelopment of osteoporosis. Alternatively, the compound or salt may beused to treat osteoporosis in a subject. In one embodiment, the compoundor salt is administered to the subject subsequent to the initiation ofosteoporosis to reduce the level of osteoporosis.

A compound of the invention or salt therof can be, e.g. a non-ATPcompetitive inhibitor. The compound of the invention or salt thereof canmodulate a kinase signaling cascade, depending upon the particular sidechains and scaffold modifications selected. The compound of theinvention can be a kinase inhibitor. For example, the compound or saltcan be a protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) inhibitor. The proline-richtyrosine kinase (PYK2; also known as cell adhesion kinase β, relatedadhesion focal tyrosine kinase, or calcium-dependent tyrosine kinase)and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) are members of a distinct family of nonreceptor protein-tyrosine kinases that are regulated by a variety ofextracellular stimuli (Avraham, et al.; 2000, Cell Signal., 12, 123-133;Schlaepfer, et al.; 1999, Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol., 71, 435-478). Thecompound of the invention or salt therof can be a Src inhibitor. It hasbeen shown that Src deficiency is associated with osteoporosis in mice,because of loss of osteoclast function (Soriano, et al.; 1991, Cell, 64,693-702). Alternatively, the compound of the invention or salt therofcan modulate the expression of interleukin-1 receptor associated kinaseM (IRAK-M). Mice that lack IRAK-M develop severe osteoporosis, which isassociated with the accelerated differentiation of osteoclasts, anincrease in the half-life of osteoclasts, and their activation (Hongmei,et al.; 2005, J. Exp. Med., 201, 1169-1177).

Multinucleated osteoclasts originate from the fusion of mononuclearphagocytes and play a major role in bone development and remodeling viathe resorption of bone. Osteoclasts are multinucleated, terminallydifferentiated cells that degrade mineralized matrix. In normal bonetissue, there is a balance between bone formation by osteoblasts andbone resorption by osteoclasts. When the balance of this dynamic andhighly regulated process is disrupted, bone resorption can exceed boneformation resulting in quantitative bone loss. Because osteoclasts areessential for the development and remodeling of bone, increases in theirnumber and /or activity lead to diseases that are associated withgeneralized bone loss (e.g., osteoporosis) and others with localizedbone loss (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, periodontal disease).

Osteoclasts and osteoblasts both command a multitude of cellularsignaling pathways involving protein kinases. Osteoclast activation isinitiated by adhesion to bone, cytoskeletal rearrangement, formation ofthe sealing zone, and formation of the polarized ruffled membrane. It isbelieved that protein-tyrosine kinase 2 (PYK2) participates in thetransfer of signals from the cell surface to the cytoskeleton, as it istyrosine phosphorylated and activated by adhesion-initiated signaling inosteoclasts (Duong, et al.; 1998, J. Clin. Invest., 102, 881-892).Recent evidence has indicated that the reduction of PYK2 protein levelsresults in the inhibition of osteoclast formation and bone resorption invitro (Duong, et al.; 2001, J. Bio. Chem., 276, 7484-7492). Therefore,the inhibition of PYK2 or other protein tyrosine kinases might reducethe level of osteoporosis by decreasing osteoclast formation and boneresorption. Thus, without wishing to be bound by theory, it ishypothesized that the administration of a compound of the instantinvention or salt thereof will modulate kinase (e.g. PTK) activity andtherefore result in the inhibition of osteoclast formation and/or boneresporption, thereby treating osteoporosis.

Src tyrosine kinase stands out as a promising therapeutic target forbone disease as validated by Src knockout mouse studies and in vitrocellular experiments, suggesting a regulatory role for Src in bothosteoclasts (positive) and osteoblasts (negative). In osteoclasts, Srcplays key roles in motility, polarization, survival, activation (ruffledborder formation) and adhesion, by mediating various signal transductionpathways, especially in cytokine and integrin signaling (Parang and Sun;2005, Expert Opin. Ther. Patents, 15, 1183-1207). Moreover, targeteddisruption of the src gene in mice induces osteopetrosis, a disordercharacterized by decreased bone resorption, without showing any obviousmorphological or functional abnormalities in other tissues or cells(Soriano, et al.; 1991, Cell, 64, 693-702). The osteopetrotic phenotypeof src^(−/−) mice is cell-autonomous and results from defects in matureosteoclasts, which normally express high levels of Src protein (Horne,et al.; 1991, Cell, 119, 1003-1013). By limiting the effectiveness ofSrc tyrosine kinase, which triggers osteoclast activity and inhibitsosteoblasts, Src inhibitors are thought to lessen bone break down andencourage bone formation. Because osteoclasts normally express highlevels of Src, inhibition of Src kinase activity might be useful in thetreatment of osteoporosis (Missbach, et al.; 1999, Bone, 24, 437-449).Thus, the PTK inhibitors of the instant invention that modulate theactivity of Src, are useful in treating osteoporosis.

For example, a knock-out of the Src gene in mice led to only one defect,namely osteoclasts that fail to form ruffled borders and consequently donot resorb bone. However, the osteoclast bone resorb function wasrescued in these mice by inserting a kinase defective Src gene(Schwartzberg et al., (1997) Genes & Development 11: 2835-2844). Thissuggested that Src kinase activity can be inhibited in vivo withouttriggering the only known toxicity because the presence of the Srcprotein is apparently sufficient to recruit and activate other PTKs(which are essential for maintaining osteoclast function) in anosteoclast essential signaling complex.

Another aspect of the invention includes a method of protecting againstor treating osteoporosis in a subject comprising administering acomposition comprising an effective amount of a substantially pureKX2-391, or a salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof, for example,substantially pure KX2-391, KX2-391•2HCl, or KX2-391•MSA. The inventionincludes administering an effective amount of a substantially purepolymorph of KX2-391•MSA e.g., Form A.

In one embodiment, the compound or salt is administered beforeinitiation of osteoporosis. In another embodiment, the compound or saltis administered after initiation of osteoporosis.

Obesity

As described herein, a compound of the invention or salt therof may beused to protect against or prevent obesity in a subject. In one aspect,a polymorph of the invention may be used to protect against or preventobesity in a subject. In order to protect against obesity, the compoundor salt may be administered prior to the development of obesity in asubject. For example, the compound or salt may be administered toprevent or reduce weight gain. Alternatively, the compound or salt maybe used to treat obesity in a subject. A compound of the instantinvention or salt thereof may be involved in modulating a kinasesignaling cascade, e.g., a kinase inhibitor, a non-ATP competitiveinhibitor, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, a protein tyrosine phosphataseinhibitor, or a protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1B inhibitor.

Obesity is often associated with diabetes and increased insulinresistance in insulin responsive tissues, such as skeletal muscle,liver, and white adipose tissue (Klaman, et al.; 2000, Mol. Cell Biol.,20, 5479-5489). Insulin plays a critical role in the regulation ofglucose homeostasis, lipid metabolism, and energy balance. Insulinsignaling is initiated by binding of insulin to the insulin receptor(IR), a receptor tyrosine kinase. Insulin binding evokes a cascade ofphosphorylation events, beginning with the autophosphorylation of the IRon multiple tyrosyl residues. Autophosphorylation enhances IR kinaseactivity and triggers downstream signaling events. The stimulatoryeffects of protein tyrosine kinases and the inhibitory effects ofprotein tyrosine phosphatases largely define the action of insulin.Appropriate insulin signaling minimizes large fluctuations in bloodglucose concentrations and ensures adequate delivery of glucose tocells. Since insulin stimulation leads to multiple tyrosylphosphorylation events, enhanced activity of one or moreprotein-tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) could lead to insulin resistance,which may lead to obesity. Indeed, increased PTP activity has beenreported in several insulin-resistant states, including obesity (Ahmad,et al.; 1997, Metabolism, 46, 1140-1145). Thus, without wishing to bebound by theory, the administration of a compound of the instantinvention or salt thereof modulates kinase (e.g., PTP) activity, therebytreating obesity in a subject.

Insulin signaling begins with the activation of the IR via tyrosinephosphorylation and culminates in the uptake of glucose into cells bythe glucose transporter, GLUT4 (Saltiel and Kahn; 2001, Nature, 414,799-806). The activated IR must then be deactivated and returned to abasal state, a process that is believed to involve protein-tyrosinephosphatase-1B (PTP-1B) (Ahmad, et al; 1997, J. Biol. Chem., 270,20503-20508). Disruption of the gene that codes for PTP-1B in miceresults in sensitivity to insulin and increased resistance todiet-induced obesity (Elchebly, et al.; 1999, Science, 283, 1544-1548;Klaman, et al.; 2000, Mol. Cell. Biol., 20, 5479-5489). The decreasedadiposity in PTP-1B deficient mice was due to a marked reduction in fatcell mass without a decrease in adipocyte number (Klaman, et al.; 2000,Mol. Cell. Biol., 20, 5479-5489). Moreover, leanness in PTP-1B-deficientmice was accompanied by increased basal metabolic rate and total energyexpenditure, without marked alteration of uncoupling protein mRNAexpression. The disruption of the PTP-1B gene demonstrated that alteringthe activity of PTP-1B can modulate insulin signaling anddietary-induced obesity in vivo. Thus, without wishing to be bound bytheory, the administration of a compound of the instant invention thatmodulates insulin signaling (e.g., PTP-1B activity), is useful intreating obesity in a subject.

Another aspect of the invention includes a method of protecting againstor treating obesity in a subject comprising administering a compositioncomprising an effective amount of a substantially pure KX2-391, or asalt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof, for example, substantiallypure KX2-391, KX2-391•2HCl, or KX2-391•MSA. The invention includesadministering an effective amount of a substantially pure polymorph ofKX2-391•MSA e.g., Form A.

In one embodiment, the compound or salt is administered before thesubject is obese. In another embodiment, the compound or salt isadministered after the subject is obese.

Diabetes

As described herein, a compound of the invention or salt thereof may beused to protect against or prevent diabetes in a subject. In one aspect,a polymorph of the invention may be used to protect against or preventdiabetes. In order to protect against diabetes, the compound or salt maybe administered prior to the development of diabetes in a subject.Alternatively, the compound or salt may be used to treat diabetes in asubject. The compound of the instant invention or salt therof may beinvolved in modulating a kinase signaling cascade, e.g. a kinaseinhibitor, a non-ATP competitive inhibitor, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor,a phosphatase and tension homologue on chromosome 10 (PTEN) inhibitor,or a sequence homology 2-containing inositol 5′-phosphatase 2 (SHIP2)inhibitor.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a disorder of dysregulated energymetabolism. Energy metabolism is largely controlled by the hormoneinsulin, a potent anabolic agent that promotes the synthesis and storageof proteins, carbohydrates and lipids, and inhibits their breakdown andrelease back into the circulation. Insulin action is initiated bybinding to its tyrosine kinase receptor, which results inautophosphorylation and increased catalytic activity of the kinase(Patti, et al.; 1998, J. Basic Clin. Physiol. Pharmacol. 9, 89-109).Tyrosine phosphorylation causes insulin receptor substrate (IRS)proteins to interact with the p85 regulatory subunit ofphosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), leading to the activation of theenzyme and its targeting to a specific subcellular location, dependingon the cell type. The enzyme generates the lipid productphosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate (PtdIns(3,4,5)P₃), whichregulates the localization and activity of numerous proteins (Kido, etal.; 2001, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 86, 972-979). PI3K has anessential role in insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and storage,inhibition of lipolysis and regulation of hepatic gene expression(Saltiel, et al.; 2001, Nature, 414, 799-806). Overexpression ofdominant-interfering forms of P13K can block glucose uptake andtranslocation of glutamate transporter four, GLUT4, to the plasmamembrane (Quon, et al.; 1995, Mol. Cell. Biol., 15, 5403-5411). Thus,the administration of a compound of the instant invention that modulateskinase (e.g. PI3K) activity, and therefore results in increased glucoseuptake, is useful in treating diabetes.

PTEN is a major regulator of PI3K signaling in may cell types, andfunctions as a tumor suppressor due to antagonism of the anti-apoptotic,proliferative and hypertrophic activities of the PI3K pathway(Goberdhan, et al.; 2003, Hum. Mol. Genet., 12, R239-R248; Leslie, etal.; 2004, J. Biochem., 382, 1-11). Although not wishing to be bound bytheory, it is believed that PTEN attenuates the PI3K pathway bydephosphorylation of the PtdIns(3,4,5)P₃ molecule, degrading thisimportant lipid second messenger to PtdIns(4,5)P₂. In a recent study,reduction of endogenous PTEN protein by 50% using small interfering RNA(siRNA) enhanced insulin-dependent increases in PtdIns(3,4,5)P₃ levels,and glucose uptake (Tang, et al.; 2005, J. Biol. Chem., 280,22523-22529). Thus, without wishing to be bound by theory, it ishypothesized that the administration of a compound of the instantinvention that modulates PTEN activity, and therefore results inincreased glucose uptake, is useful for treating diabetes.

PtdIns(3,4,5)P₃ levels are also controlled by the family of SRC homology2 (SH2)-containing inositol 5′-phosphatase (SHIP) proteins, SHIP1 andSHIP2 (Lazar and Saltiel; 2006, Nature Reviews, 5, 333-342). SHIP2,expressed in skeletal muscle, among other insulin-sensitive tissues,catalyzes the conversion of PtdIns(3,4,5)P₃ into PtdIns(3,4)P₂ (Pesesse,et al.; 1997; Biochem Biophys. Res. Commun., 239, 697-700; Backers, etal.; 2003, Adv. Enzyme Regul., 43, 15-28; Chi, et al.; 2004, J. Biol.Chem., 279, 44987-44995; Sleeman, et al.; 2005, Nature Med., 11,199-205). Overexpression of SHIP2 markedly reduced insulin-stimulatedPtdIns(3,4,5)P₃ levels, consistent with the proposed capacity of SHIP2to attenuate the activation of downstream effectors of PI3K (Ishihara,et al.; 1999, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 260, 265-272). Thus,without wishing to be bound by theory, it is hypothesized that theadministration of a compound of the instant invention which modulatesSHIP2 activity, and therefore results in increased glucose uptake, isuseful for treating diabetes.

Another aspect of the invention includes a method of protecting againstor treating diabetes in a subject comprising administering a compositioncomprising an effective amount of a substantially pure KX2-391, or asalt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof, for example, substantiallypure KX2-391, KX2-391•2HCl, or KX2-391•MSA. The invention includesadministering an effective amount of a substantially pure polymorph ofKX2-391•MSA e.g., Form A.

In one embodiment, the compound or salt is administered beforeinitiation of the diabetes. In another embodiment, the compound or saltis administered after initiation of disease.

Ophthalmic Disease

As described herein, a compound of the invention may be used to protectagainst or prevent ophthalmic (eye) disease in a subject. In one aspect,a polymorph of the invention may be used to protect against or preventophthalmic (eye) disease. In order to protect against eye disease, thecompound or salt may be administered prior to the development of eyedisease in a subject. Alternatively, the compound or salt may be used totreat eye disease in a subject, e.g. macular degeneration, retinopathy,and macular edema. The compound of the instant invention or salt may beinvolved in modulating a kinase cascade, e.g. a kinase inhibitor, anon-ATP competitive inhibitor, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, e.g. avascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor tyrosine kinaseinhibitor.

Vision-threatening neovascularization of the physiologically avascularcornea can occur. The proliferative retinopathies, principally diabeticretinopathy and age-related macular degeneration, are characterized byincreased vascular permeability, leading to retinal edema and subretinalfluid accumulation, and the proliferation of new vessels that are proneto hemorrhage. Angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels frompreexisting capillaries, is an integral part of both normal developmentand numerous pathological processes. VEGF, a central mediator of thecomplex cascade of angiogenesis and a potent permeability factor, is anattractive target for novel therapeutics. VEGF is the ligand for twomembrane-bound tyrosine kinase receptors, VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2. Ligandbinding triggers VEGFR dimerization and transphosphorylation withsubsequent activation of an intracellular tyrosine kinase domain. Theensuing intracellular signaling axis results in vascular endothelialcell proliferation, migration, and survival. Thus, without wishing to bebound by theory, it is hypothesized that the administration of acompound of the instant invention or salt therof which modulates kinaseactivity, e.g. tyrosine kinase activity, and results in the inhibitionof angiogenesis and/or neovascularization, is useful for treating an eyedisease, e.g. macular degeneration, retinopathy and/or macular edema.

Macular degeneration is characterized by VEGF-mediated retinal leakage(an increase in vascular permeability) and by the abnormal growth ofsmall blood vessels in the back of the eye (angiogenesis). VEGF has beenidentified in neovascular membranes in both diabetic retinopathy andage-related macular degeneration, and intraocular levels of the factorcorrelate with the severity of neovascularization in diabeticretinopathy (Kvanta, et al.; 1996, Invest. Ophthal. Vis. Sci., 37,1929-1934.; Aiello et al, 1994, N. Engl. J. Med., 331, 1480-1487).Therapeutic antagonism of VEGF in these models results in significantinhibition of both retinal and choroidal neovascularization, as well asa reduction in vascular permeability (Aiello, et al.; 1995, Proc. Natl.Acad. Sci. USA., 92, 10457-10461; Krzystolik, et al.; 2002, Arch.Ophthal., 120, 338-346; Qaum, et al.; 2001, Invest. Ophthal. Vis. Sci.,42, 2408-2413). Thus, without wishing to be bound by theory, it ishypothesized that the administration of a compound of the instantinvention which modulates VEGF activity, and results in the inhibitionof angiogenesis and/or neovascularization, is useful for treating an eyedisease, e.g. macular degeneration, retinopathy and/or macular edema.

Another aspect of the invention includes a method of protecting againstor treating ophthalmic diseases e.g., macular degeneration, retinopathy,macular edema, etc. in a subject comprising administering a compositioncomprising an effective amount of a substantially pure KX2-391, or asalt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof, for example, substantiallypure KX2-391, KX2-391•2HCl, or KX2-391•MSA. The invention includesadministering an effective amount of a substantially pure polymorph ofKX2-391•MSA e.g., Form A.

In one embodiment, the compound or salt is administered beforeinitiation of the ophthalmic disease. In another embodiment, thecompound or salt is administered after initiation of ophthalmic disease.

Stroke

The compounds of the invention or salts thereof are used in methods oftreating, preventing, or ameliorating a stroke in a subject who is atrisk of suffering a stroke, is suffering from a stroke or has suffered astroke. In one aspect, a polymorph of the invention is used in methodsof treating, preventing, or ameliorating a stroke. The compounds of theinvention or salts thereof are useful in methods of treating patientswho are undergoing post-stroke rehabilitation.

A stroke, also known as a cerebrovascular accident (CVA), is an acuteneurological injury whereby the blood supply to a part of the brain isinterrupted due to either blockage of an artery or rupture of a bloodvessel. The part of the brain in which blood supply is interrupted nolonger receives oxygen and/or nutrients carried by the blood. The braincells become damaged or necrotic, thereby impairing function in or fromthat part of the brain. Brain tissue ceases to function if deprived ofoxygen for more than 60 to 90 seconds and after a few minutes willsuffer irreversible injury possibly leading to a death of the tissue,i.e., infarction.

Strokes are classified into two major types: ischemic, i.e., blockage ofa blood vessel supplying the brain, and hemorrhagic, i.e., bleeding intoor around the brain. The majority of all strokes are ischemic strokes.Ischemic stroke is commonly divided into thrombotic stroke, embolicstroke, systemic hypoperfusion (Watershed stroke), or venous thrombosis.In thrombotic stroke, a thrombus-forming process develops in theaffected artery, the thrombus, i.e., blood clot, gradually narrows thelumen of the artery, thereby impeding blood flow to distal tissue. Theseclots usually form around atherosclerotic plaques. There are two typesof thrombotic strokes, which are categorized based on the type of vesselon which the thrombus is formed. Large vessel thrombotic stroke involvesthe common and internal carotids, vertebral, and the Circle of Willis.Small vessel thrombotic stroke involves the intracerebral arteries,branches of the Circle of Willis, middle cerebral artery stem, andarteries arising from the distal vertebral and basilar artery.

A thrombus, even if non-occluding, can lead to an embolic stroke if thethrombus breaks off, at which point it becomes an embolus. An embolusrefers to a traveling particle or debris in the arterial bloodstreamoriginating from elsewhere. Embolic stroke refers to the blockage ofarterial access to a part of the brain by an embolus. An embolus isfrequently a blood clot, but it can also be a plaque that has broken offfrom an atherosclerotic blood vessel or a number of other substancesincluding fat, air, and even cancerous cells. Because an embolus arisesfrom elsewhere, local therapy only solves the problem temporarily. Thus,the source of the embolus must be identified. There are four categoriesof embolic stroke: those with a known cardiac source; those with apotential cardiac or aortic source (from trans-thoracic ortrans-esophageal echocardiogram); those with an arterial source; andthose with unknown source.

Systemic hypoperfusion is the reduction of blood flow to all parts ofthe body. It is most commonly due to cardiac pump failure from cardiacarrest or arrhythmias, or from reduced cardiac output as a result ofmyocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism, pericardial effusion, orbleeding. Hypoxemia (i.e., low blood oxygen content) may precipitate thehypoperfusion. Because the reduction in blood flow is global, all partsof the brain may be affected, especially the “watershed” areas which areborder zone regions supplied by the major cerebral arteries. Blood flowto these area has not necessary stopped, but instead may have lessenedto the point where brain damage occurs.

Veins in the brain function to drain the blood back to the body. Whenveins are occluded due to thrombosis, the draining of blood is blockedand the blood backs up, causing cerebral edema. This cerebral edema canresult in both ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes. This commonly occurs inthe rare disease sinus vein thrombosis.

Stroke is diagnosed in a subject or patient using one or more of avariety of techniques known in the art, such as, for example,neurological examination, blood tests, CT scans (without contrastenhancements), MRI scans, Doppler ultrasound, and arteriography (i.e.,roentgenography of arteries after injection of radiopacque material intothe blood stream). If a stroke is confirmed on imaging, various otherstudies are performed to determine whether there is a peripheral sourceof emboli. These studies include, e.g., an ultrasound/doppler study ofthe carotid arteries (to detect carotid stenosis); an electrocardiogram(ECG) and echocardiogram (to identify arrhythmias and resultant clots inthe heart which may spread to the brain vessels through thebloodstream); a Holter monitor study to identify intermittentarrhythmias and an angiogram of the cerebral vasculature (if a bleed isthought to have originated from an aneurysm or arteriovenousmalformation).

Compounds or salts useful in these methods of treating, preventing orameliorating stroke or a symptom associated with stroke are compounds orsalts that modulate kinase signaling cascade proceeding, during or aftera stroke. In some embodiments, the compound or salt is a kinaseinhibitor. For example, the compound or salt is a tyrosine kinaseinhibitor. In an embodiment, the tyrosine kinase inhibitor is an Srcinhibitor. For example, the compound or salt used in the methods oftreating, preventing or ameliorating stroke or a symptom associated withstroke described herein is an allosteric inhibitor of kinase signalingcascade preceding, during or after a stroke. Preferably, the compound orsalt used in the methods of treating, preventing or ameliorating strokeor a symptom associated with stroke described herein is a non-ATPcompetitive inhibitor of kinase signaling cascade preceding, during orafter a stroke.

Inhibition of Src activity has been shown to provide cerebral protectionduring stroke. (See Paul et al., Nature Medicine, vol. 7(2):222-227(2001), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety).Vascular endothelia growth factor (VEGF), which is produced in responseto the ischemic injury, has been shown to promote vascular permeability.Studies have shown that the Src kinase regulates VEGF-mediated VP in thebrain following stroke, and administration of an Src inhibitor beforeand after stroke reduced edema, improved cerebral perfusion anddecreased infarct volume after injury occurred. (Paul et al., 2001).Thus, Src inhibition may be useful in the prevention, treatment oramelioration of secondary damage following a stroke.

The compounds of the invention or salts thereof prevent, treat orameliorate stroke or a symptom associated with stroke. Symptoms of astroke include sudden numbness or weakness, especially on one side ofthe body; sudden confusion or trouble speaking or understanding speech;sudden trouble seeing in one or both eyes; sudden trouble with walking,dizziness, or loss of balance or coordination; or sudden severe headachewith no known cause.

Generally there are three treatment stages for stroke: prevention,therapy immediately after the stroke, and post-stroke rehabilitation.Therapies to prevent a first or recurrent stroke are based on treatingthe underlying risk factors for stroke, such as, e.g., hypertension,high cholesterol, atrial fibrillation, and diabetes. Acute stroketherapies try to stop a stroke while it is happening by quicklydissolving the blood clot causing an ischemic stroke or by stopping thebleeding of a hemorrhagic stroke. Post-stroke rehabilitation helpsindividuals overcome disabilities that result from stroke damage.Medication or drug therapy is the most common treatment for stroke. Themost popular classes of drugs used to prevent or treat stroke areanti-thrombotics (e.g., anti-platelet agents and anticoagulants) andthrombolytics. The compounds or salts are administered to a patient whois at risk of suffering a stroke, is suffering from a stroke or hassuffered a stroke at a time before, during, after, or any combinationthereof, the occurrence of a stroke. The compounds of the invention orsalts thereof are administered alone, in pharmaceutical compositions, orin combination with any of a variety of known treatments, such as, forexample, an anti-platelet medication (e.g., aspirin, clopidogrel,dipyridamole), an anti-coagulant (e.g., warfarin), or a thrombolyticmedication (e.g., tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA), reteplase,Urokinase, streptokinase, tenectaplase, lanoteplase, or anistreplase.

Another aspect of the invention includes a method of protecting againstor treating stroke in a subject comprising administering a compositioncomprising an effective amount of a substantially pure KX2-391, or asalt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof, for example, substantiallypure KX2-391, KX2-391•2HCl, or KX2-391•MSA. The invention includesadministering an effective amount of a substantially pure polymorph ofKX2-391•MSA e.g., Form A.

In one embodiment, the compound or salt is administered before a strokehas occurred. In another embodiment, the compound or salt isadministered after a stroke has occurred.

Atherosclerosis

The compounds of the invention or salts thereof are used in methods oftreating, preventing, or ameliorating atherosclerosis or a symptomthereof in a subject who is at risk for or suffering fromatherosclerosis. In one aspect, a polymorph of the invention is used inmethods of treating, preventing or ameliorating atherosclerosis or asymptom thereof.

Atherosclerosis is a disease affecting the arterial blood vessel and iscommonly referred to as a “hardening” of the arteries. It is caused bythe formation of multiple plaques within the arteries. Atheroscleroticplaques, though compensated for by artery enlargement, eventually leadto plaque ruptures and stenosis (i.e., narrowing) of the artery, which,in turn, leads to an insufficient blood supply to the organ it feeds.Alternatively, if the compensating artery enlargement process isexcessive, a net aneurysm results. These complications are chronic,slowly progressing and cumulative. Most commonly, soft plaque suddenlyruptures, causing the formation of a blood clot (i.e., thrombus) thatrapidly slows or stops blood flow, which, in turn, leads to death of thetissues fed by the artery. This catastrophic event is called aninfarction. For example, coronary thrombosis of a coronary artery causesa myocardial infarction, commonly known as a heart attack. A myocardialinfarction occurs when an atherosclerotic plaque slowly builds up in theinner lining of a coronary artery and then suddenly ruptures, totallyoccluding the artery and preventing blood flow downstream.

Atherosclerosis and acute myocardial infarction are diagnosed in apatient using any of a variety of clinical and/or laboratory tests suchas, physical examination, radiologic or ultrasound examination and bloodanalysis. For example, a doctor or clinical can listen to a subject'sarteries to detect an abnormal whooshing sound, called a bruit. A bruitcan be heard with a stethoscope when placed over the affected artery.Alternatively, or in addition, the clinician or physician can checkpulses, e.g., in the leg or foot, for abnormalities such as weakness orabsence. The physician or clinical may perform blood work to check forcholesterol levels or to check the levels of cardiac enzymes, such ascreatine kinase, troponin and lactate dehydrogenase, to detectabnormalities. For example, troponin sub-units I or T, which are veryspecific for the myocardium, rise before permanent injury develops. Apositive troponin in the setting of chest pain may accurately predict ahigh likelihood of a myocardial infarction in the near future. Othertests to diagnose atherosclerosis and/or myocardial infarction include,for example, EKG (electrocardiogram) to measure the rate and regularityof a subject's heartbeat; chest X-ray, measuring ankle/brachial index,which compares the blood pressure in the ankle with the blood pressurein the arm; ultrasound analysis of arteries; CT scan of areas ofinterest; angiography; an exercise stress test, nuclear heart scanning;and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography(PET) scanning of the heart.

Compounds or salts useful in these methods of treating, preventing orameliorating atherosclerosis or a symptom thereof are compounds or saltsthat modulate kinase signaling cascade in a patient at risk for orsuffering from atherosclerosis. In some embodiments, the compound orsalt is a kinase inhibitor. For example, the compound or salt is atyrosine kinase inhibitor. In an embodiment, the tyrosine kinaseinhibitor is a Src inhibitor. Preferably, the compound or salt used inthe methods of treating, preventing or ameliorating atherosclerosis or asymptom thereof described herein is an allosteric inhibitor of kinasesignaling cascade involved in atherosclerosis. Preferably, the compoundor salt used in the methods of treating, preventing or amelioratingatherosclerosis or a symptom associated with atherosclerosis describedherein is a non-ATP competitive inhibitor of kinase signaling cascadeinvolved in atherosclerosis.

Cellular signal transduction by Src is believed to play a key role inincreased permeability of vessels, known as vascular permeability (VP).Vascular endothelia growth factor (VEGF), which is produced in responseto the ischemic injury, including, e.g., myocardial infarction, has beenshown to promote vascular permeability. Studies have shown that theinhibition of Src kinase decreases VEGF-mediated VP. (See Parang andSun, Expert Opin. Ther. Patents, vol. 15(9): 1183-1206 (2005), which ishereby incorporated by reference in its entirety). Mice treated with aSrc inhibitor demonstrated reduced tissue damage associated with traumaor injury to blood vessels after myocardial infarction, as compared tountreated mice. (See e.g., U.S. Patent Publication Nos. 20040214836 and20030130209 by Cheresh et al., the contents of which are herebyincorporated by reference in their entirety). Thus, Src inhibition maybe useful in the prevention, treatment or amelioration of secondarydamage following injury due to atherosclerosis, such as, for example,myocardial infarction.

Atherosclerosis generally does not produce symptoms until it severelynarrows the artery and restricts blood flow, or until it causes a suddenobstruction. Symptoms depend on where the plaques and narrowing develop,e.g., in the heart, brain, other vital organs and legs or almostanywhere in the body. The initial symptoms of atherosclerosis may bepain or cramps when the body requires more oxygen, for example duringexercise, when a person may feel chest pain (angina) because of lack ofoxygen to the heart or leg cramps because of lack of oxygen to the legs.Narrowing of the arteries supplying blood to the brain may causedizziness or transient ischemic attacks (TIA's) where the symptoms andsigns of a stroke last less than 24 hours. Typically, these symptomsdevelop gradually.

Symptoms of myocardial infarction are characterized by varying degreesof chest pain, discomfort, sweating, weakness, nausea, vomiting, andarrhythmias, sometimes causing loss of consciousness. Chest pain is themost common symptom of acute myocardial infarction and is oftendescribed as a tightness, pressure, or squeezing sensation. Pain mayradiate to the jaw, neck, arms, back, and epigastrium, most often to theleft arm or neck. Chest pain is more likely caused by myocardialinfarction when it lasts for more than 30 minutes. Patients sufferingfrom a myocardial infarction may exhibit shortness of breath (dyspnea)especially if the decrease in myocardial contractility due to theinfarct is sufficient to cause left ventricular failure with pulmonarycongestion or even pulmonary edema.

The compounds of the invention or salts thereof are administered alone,in pharmaceutical compositions, or in combination with any of a varietyof known treatments for atherosclerosis, such as, for example,cholesterol-lowering drugs (e.g., statins), anti-platelet medications,or anti-coagulants.

Another aspect of the invention includes a method of protecting againstor treating athrosclerosis in a subject comprising administering acomposition comprising an effective amount of a substantially pureKX2-391, or a salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof, for example,substantially pure KX2-391, KX2-391•2HCl, or KX2-391•MSA. The inventionincludes administering an effective amount of a substantially purepolymorph of KX2-391•MSA e.g., Form A.

In one embodiment, the compound or salt is administered before symptomsof atherosclerosis occur. In another embodiment, the compound isadministered after the onset of symptoms of atherosclerosis.

Neuropathic Pain

The compounds of the invention or salts thereof are used in methods oftreating, preventing, ameliorating neuropathic pain, such as chronicneuropathic pain, or a symptom thereof in a subject who is at risk ofsuffering from, is suffering from, or has suffered neuropathic pain. Inone aspect, a polymorph of the invention is used in methods of treating,preventing, ameliorating neuropathic pain, such as chronic neuropathicpain, or a symptom thereof.

Neuropathic pain, also known as neuralgia, is qualitatively differentfrom ordinary nociceptive pain. Neuropathic pain usually presents as asteady burning and/or “pins and needles” and/or “electric shock”sensations. The difference between nociceptive pain and neuropathic painis due to the fact that “ordinary”, nociceptive pain stimulates onlypain nerves, while a neuropathy often results in the stimulation of bothpain and non-pain sensory nerves (e.g., nerves that respond to touch,warmth, cool) in the same area, thereby producing signals that thespinal cord and brain do not normally expect to receive.

Neuropathic pain is a complex, chronic pain state that usually isaccompanied by tissue injury. With neuropathic pain, the nerve fibersthemselves may be damaged, dysfunctional or injured. These damaged nervefibers send incorrect signals to other pain centers. The impact of nervefiber injury includes a change in nerve function both at the site ofinjury and areas around the injury.

Neuropathic pain is diagnosed in a subject or patient using one or moreof a variety of laboratory and/or clinical techniques known in the art,such as, for example, physical examination.

Compounds or salts useful in these methods of treating, preventing orameliorating neuropathic pain, such as chronic neuropathic pain, or asymptom associated with neuropathic pain are compounds that modulatekinase signaling cascade involved in neuropathic pain.

c-Src has been shown to regulate the activity of N-methyl-D-aspartate(NMDA) receptors. (See Yu et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, vol.96:7697-7704 (1999), which is hereby incorporated by reference in itsentirety). Studies have shown that PP2, a low molecular weight Srckinase inhibitor, decreases phosphorylation of the NMDA receptor NM2subunit. (See Guo et al., J. Neuro., vol. 22:6208-6217 (2002), which ishereby incorporated by reference in its entirety). Thus, Src inhibition,which in turn, inhibits the activity NMDA receptors, may be useful inthe prevention, treatment or amelioration of neuropathic pain, such aschronic neuropathic pain.

The compounds of the invention or salts thereof prevent, treat orameliorate neuropathic pain, such as chronic neuropathic pain, or asymptom associated with neuropathic pain. Symptoms of neuropathic paininclude shooting and burning pain, tingling and numbness.

The compounds of the invention or salts thereof are administered alone,in pharmaceutical compositions, or in combination with any of a varietyof known treatments, such as, for example, analgesics, opioids,tricyclic antidepressants, anticonvulsants and serotonin norepinephrinereuptake inhibitors.

In one embodiment, the compound or salt is administered before the onsetof chronic neuropathic pain. In another embodiment, the compound isadministered after the onset of chronic neuropathic pain.

Another aspect of the invention includes a method of treating,preventing, ameliorating neuropathic pain or a symptom thereof, in asubject comprising administering a composition comprising an effectiveamount of a substantially pure KX2-391, or a salt, solvate, hydrate, orprodrug thereof, for example, substantially pure KX2-391, KX2-391•2HCl,or KX2-391•MSA. The invention includes administering an effective amountof a substantially pure polymorph of KX2-391•MSA e.g., Form A.

Hepatitis B

The compounds of the invention or salts thereof are used in methods oftreating, preventing, or ameliorating hepatitis B or a symptom thereofin a subject who is at risk for or suffering from hepatitis B. In oneaspect, a polymorph of the invention is used in methods of treating,preventing, or ameliorating hepatitis B or a symptom thereof.

The hepatitis B virus, a member of the Hepadnavirus family, consists ofa proteinaceous core particle containing the viral genome in the form ofdouble stranded DNA with single-stranded regions and an outerlipid-based envelope with embedded proteins. The envelope proteins areinvolved in viral binding and release into susceptible cells. The innercapsid relocates the DNA genome to the cell's nucleus where viral mRNAsare transcribed. Three subgenomic transcripts encoding the envelopeproteins are made, along with a transcript encoding the X protein. Afourth pre-genomic RNA is transcribed, which is exported to the cytosoland translates the viral polymerase and core proteins. Polymerase andpre-genomic RNA are encapsidated in assembling core particles, wherereverse transcription of the pre-genomic RNA to genomic DNA occurs bythe polymerase protein. The mature core particle then exits the cell vianormal secretory pathways, acquiring an envelope along the way.

Hepatitis B is one of a few known non-retroviral viruses that employreverse transcription as part of the replication process. Other viruseswhich use reverse transcription include, e.g., HTLV or HIV.

During HBV infection, the host immune response is responsible for bothhepatocellular damage and viral clearance. While the innate immuneresponse does not play a significant role in these processes, theadaptive immune response, particularly virus-specific cytotoxic Tlymphocytes (CTLs), contributes to nearly all of the liver injuryassociated with HBV infection. By killing infected cells and byproducing antiviral cytokines capable of purging HBV from viablehepatocytes, CTLs also eliminate the virus. Although liver damage isinitiated and mediated by the CTLs, antigen-nonspecific inflammatorycells can worsen CTL-induced immunopathology and platelets mayfacilitate the accumulation of CTLs into the liver.

Hepatitis B is diagnosed in a patient using any of a variety of clinicaland/or laboratory tests such as, physical examination, and blood orserum analysis. For example, blood or serum is assayed for the presenceof viral antigens and/or antibodies produced by the host. In a commontest for Hepatitis B, detection of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)is used to screen for the presence of infection. It is the firstdetectable viral antigen to appear during infection with this virus;however, early in an infection, this antigen may not be present and itmay be undetectable later in the infection as it is being cleared by thehost. During this ‘window’ in which the host remains infected but issuccessfully clearing the virus, IgM antibodies to the hepatitis B coreantigen (anti-HBc IGM) may be the only serologic evidence of disease.

Shortly after the appearance of the HBsAg, another antigen named as thehepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) will appear. Traditionally, the presenceof HBeAg in a host's serum is associated with much higher rates of viralreplication; however, some variants of the hepatitis B virus do notproduce the “e” antigen at all. During the natural course of aninfection, the HBeAg may be cleared, and antibodies to the “e” antigen(anti-HBe) will arise immediately afterward. This conversion is usuallyassociated with a dramatic decline in viral replication. If the host isable to clear the infection, eventually the HBsAg will becomeundetectable and will be followed by antibodies to the hepatitis Bsurface antigen (anti-HBs). A person negative for HBsAg but positive foranti-HBs has either cleared an infection or has been vaccinatedpreviously. A number of people who are positive for HBsAg may have verylittle viral multiplication, and hence may be at little risk oflong-term complications or of transmitting infection to others.

Compounds or salts useful in these methods of treating, preventing orameliorating hepatitis B or a symptom thereof are compounds or saltsthat modulate kinase signaling cascade in a patient at risk for orsuffering from hepatitis B. In some embodiments, the compound or salt isa kinase inhibitor. For example, the compound or salt is a tyrosinekinase inhibitor. In an embodiment, the tyrosine kinase inhibitor is aSrc inhibitor. Preferably, the compound or salt used in the methods oftreating, preventing or ameliorating hepatitis B or a symptom thereofdescribed herein is an allosteric inhibitor of kinase signaling cascadeinvolved in hepatitis B. Preferably, the compound or salt used in themethods of treating, preventing or ameliorating hepatitis B or a symptomassociated with hepatitis B described herein is a non-ATP competitiveinhibitor of kinase signaling cascade involved in hepatitis B.

Src plays a role in the replication of the hepatitis B virus. Thevirally encoded transcription factor HBx activates Src in a step that isrequired from propagation of the HBV virus. (See, e.g., Klein et al.,EMBO J., vol. 18:5019-5027 (1999); Klein et al., Mol. Cell. Biol., vol.17:6427-6436 (1997), each of which is hereby incorporated by referencein its entirety). Thus, Src inhibition, which in turn, inhibitsSrc-mediated propagation of the HBV virus, may be useful in theprevention, treatment or amelioration of hepatitis B or a symptomthereof.

The compounds of the invention or salts thereof prevent, treat orameliorate hepatitis B or a symptom associated with hepatitis B.Symptoms of hepatitis B typically develop within 30-180 days of exposureto the virus. However, up to half of all people infected with thehepatitis B virus have no symptoms. The symptoms of hepatitis B areoften compared to flu, and include, e.g., appetite loss; fatigue; nauseaand vomiting, itching all over the body; pain over the liver (e.g., onthe right side of the abdomen, under the lower rib cage), jaundice, andchanges in excretory functions.

The compounds of the invention or salts thereof are administered alone,in pharmaceutical compositions, or in combination with any of a varietyof known treatments for hepatitis B, such as, for example, interferonalpha, lamivudine (Epivir-HBV) and baraclude (entecavir).

Another aspect of the invention includes a method of protecting againstor treating hepatitis B in a subject comprising administering acomposition comprising an effective amount of a substantially pureKX2-391, or a salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof, for example,substantially pure KX2-391, KX2-391•2HCl, or KX2-391•MSA. The inventionincludes administering an effective amount of a substantially purepolymorph of KX2-391•MSA e.g., Form A.

In one embodiment, the compound or salt is administered before thesubject has contracted hepatitis B. In another embodiment, the compoundor salt is administered after the subject has contracted hepatitis B.

Regulate Immune System Activity

As described herein, the compounds of the invention or salts thereof maybe used to regulate immune system activity in a subject, therebyprotecting against or preventing autoimmune disease, e.g., rheumatoidarthritis, multiple sclerosis, sepsis and lupus as well as transplantrejection and allergic diseases. Alternatively, the compound may be usedto treat autoimmune disease in a subject. In one aspect, a polymorph ofthe invention may be used to regulate immune system activity in asubject. The compound or salt may result in reduction in the severity ofsymptoms or halt impending progression of the autoimmune disease in asubject. The compound of the invention or salt thereof may be involvedin modulating a kinase signaling cascade, e.g., a kinase inhibitor, anon-ATP competitive inhibitor, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, e.g., a Srcinhibitor, a p59fyn (Fyn) inhibitor or a p561ck (Lck) inhibitor.

Autoimmune diseases are diseases caused by a breakdown of self-tolerancesuch that the adaptive immune system responds to self antigens andmediates cell and tissue damage. Autoimmune diseases can be organspecific (e.g., thyroiditis or diabetes) or systemic (e.g., systemiclupus erythematosus). T cells modulate the cell-mediated immune responsein the adaptive immune system. Under normal conditions, T cells expressantigen receptors (T cell receptors) that recognize peptide fragments offoreign proteins bound to self major histocompatibility complexmolecules. Among the earliest recognizable events after T cell receptor(TCR) stimulation are the activation of Lck and Fyn, resulting in TCRphosphorylation on tyrosine residues within immunoreceptortyrosine-based activation motifs (Zamoyska, et al.; 2003, Immunol. Rev.,191, 107-118). Tyrosine kinases, such as Lck (which is a member of theSrc family of protein tyrosine kinases) play an essential role in theregulation of cell signaling and cell proliferation by phosphorylatingtyrosine residues of peptides and proteins (Levitzki; 2001, Top. Curr.Chem., 211, 1-15; Longati, et al.; 2001, Curr. Drug Targets, 2, 41-55;Qian, and Weiss; 1997, Curr. Opin. Cell Biol., 9, 205-211). Thus,although not wishing to be bound by theory, it is hypothesized that theadministration of a compound of the instant invention which modulatestyrosine kinase (e.g., Src) activity is useful in the treatment ofautoimmune disease.

The tyrosine kinases lck and fyn are both activated in the TCR pathway;thus, inhibitors of lck and/or fyn have potential utility as autoimmuneagents (Palacios and Weiss; 2004, Oncogene, 23, 7990-8000). Lck and Fynare predominantly expressed by T cells through most of their lifespan.The roles of Lck and Fyn in T cell development, homeostasis andactivation have been demonstrated by animal and cell line studies(Parang and Sun; 2005, Expert Opin. The. Patents, 15, 1183-1207). Lckactivation is involved in autoimmune diseases and transplant rejection(Kamens, et al.; 2001, Curr. Opin. Investig. Drugs, 2, 1213-1219).Results have shown that the lck (−) Jurkat cell lines are unable toproliferate, produce cytokines, and generate increases in intracellularcalcium, inositol phosphate, and tyrosine phosphorylation in response toT cell receptor stimulation (Straus and Weiss; 1992, Cell., 70, 585-593;Yamasaki, et al.; 1996, Mol. Cell. Biol., 16, 7151-7160). Therefore, anagent inhibiting lck would effectively block T cell function, act as animmunosuppressive agent, and have potential utility in autoimmunediseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, and lupus,as well as in the area of transplant rejection and allergic diseases(Hanke and Pollok; 1995, Inflammation Res., 44, 357-371). Thus, althoughnot wishing to be bound by theory, it is hypothesized that theadministration of a compound of the instant invention or salt whichmodulates one or more members of the Src family of protein tyrosinekinases (e.g., lck and/or fyn) is useful in the treatment of autoimmunedisease.

Another aspect of the invention includes a method of regulating immunesystem activity in a subject comprising administering a compositioncomprising an effective amount of a substantially pure KX2-391, or asalt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof, for example, substantiallypure KX2-391, KX2-391•2HCl, or KX2-391•MSA. The invention includesadministering an effective amount of a substantially pure polymorph ofKX2-391•MSA e.g., Form A.

Definitions

For convenience, certain terms used in the specification, examples andappended claims are collected here.

Protein kinases are a large class of enzymes which catalyze the transferof the γ-phosphate from ATP to the hydroxyl group on the side chain ofSer/Thr or Tyr in proteins and peptides and are intimately involved inthe control of various important cell functions, perhaps most notably:signal transduction, differentiation, and proliferation. There areestimated to be about 2,000 distinct protein kinases in the human body,and although each of these phosphorylates particular protein/peptidesubstrates, they all bind the same second substrate ATP in a highlyconserved pocket. About 50% of the known oncogene products are proteintyrosine kinases (PTKs), and their kinase activity has been shown tolead to cell transformation.

The PTKs can be classified into two categories, the membrane receptorPTKs (e.g. growth factor receptor PTKs) and the non-receptor PTKs (e.g.the Src family of proto-oncogene products and focal adhesion kinase(FAK)). The hyperactivation of Src has been reported in a number ofhuman cancers, including those of the colon, breast, lung, bladder, andskin, as well as in gastric cancer, hairy cell leukemia, andneuroblastoma.

“Inhibits one or more components of a protein kinase signaling cascade”means that one or more components of the kinase signaling cascade areeffected such that the functioning of the cell changes. Components of aprotein kinase signaling cascade include any proteins involved directlyor indirectly in the kinase signaling pathway including secondmessengers and upstream and downstream targets.

“Treating”, includes any effect, e.g., lessening, reducing, modulating,or eliminating, that results in the improvement of the condition,disease, disorder, etc. “Treating” or “treatment” of a disease stateincludes: inhibiting the disease state, i.e., arresting the developmentof the disease state or its clinical symptoms; or relieving the diseasestate, i.e., causing temporary or permanent regression of the diseasestate or its clinical symptoms.

“Preventing” the disease state includes causing the clinical symptoms ofthe disease state not to develop in a subject that may be exposed to orpredisposed to the disease state, but does not yet experience or displaysymptoms of the disease state.

“Disease state” means any disease, disorder, condition, symptom, orindication.

As used herein, the term “cell proliferative disorder” refers toconditions in which the unregulated and/or abnormal growth of cells canlead to the development of an unwanted condition or disease, which canbe cancerous or non-cancerous, for example a psoriatic condition. Asused herein, the terms “psoriatic condition” or “psoriasis” refers todisorders involving keratinocyte hyperproliferation, inflammatory cellinfiltration, and cytokine alteration.

In one embodiment, the cell proliferation disorder is cancer. As usedherein, the term “cancer” includes solid tumors, such as lung, breast,colon, ovarian, brain, liver, pancreas, prostate, malignant melanoma,non-melanoma skin cancers, as well as hematologic tumors and/ormalignancies, such as childhood leukemia and lymphomas, multiplemyeloma, Hodgkin's disease, lymphomas of lymphocytic and cutaneousorigin, acute and chronic leukemia such as acute lymphoblastic, acutemyelocytic or chronic myelocytic leukemia, plasma cell neoplasm,lymphoid neoplasm and cancers associated with AIDS.

In addition to psoriatic conditions, the types of proliferative diseaseswhich may be treated using the compositions of the present invention areepidermic and dermoid cysts, lipomas, adenomas, capillary and cutaneoushemangiomas, lymphangiomas, nevi lesions, teratomas, nephromas,myofibromatosis, osteoplastic tumors, and other dysplastic masses andthe like. The proliferative diseases can include dysplasias anddisorders of the like.

“A therapeutically effective amount” means the amount of a compound orsalt that, when administered to a mammal for treating a disease, issufficient to effect such treatment for the disease. In one embodiment,a therapeutically effective amount is administered to a mammal to reducereduce the level of the disease e.g., to reduce the level of hearingloss. In one embodiment, a therapeutically effective amount of acompound or salt is administered. In another embodiment, therapeuticallyeffective amount of a composition is administered. The “therapeuticallyeffective amount” will vary depending on the compound or salt, thedisease and its severity and the age, weight, etc., of the mammal to betreated.

A therapeutically effective amount of one or more of the compounds orsalts can be formulated with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier foradministration to a human or an animal. Accordingly, the compounds,salts or the formulations can be administered, for example, via oral,parenteral, or topical routes, to provide a therapeutically effectiveamount of the compound. In alternative embodiments, the compounds orsalts prepared in accordance with the present invention can be used tocoat or impregnate a medical device, e.g., a stent.

The term “prophylactically effective amount” means an effective amountof a compound or salt, of the present invention that is administered toeffect prevention of the disease. In one embodiment, a prophylacticallyeffective amount of a compound or salt is administered. In anotherembodiment, prophylatically effective amount of a composition isadministered.

“Pharmacological effect” as used herein encompasses effects produced inthe subject that achieve the intended purpose of a therapy. In oneembodiment, a pharmacological effect means that primary indications ofthe subject being treated are prevented, alleviated, or reduced. Forexample, a pharmacological effect would be one that results in theprevention, alleviation or reduction of primary indications in a treatedsubject. In another embodiment, a pharmacological effect means thatdisorders or symptoms of the primary indications of the subject beingtreated are prevented, alleviated, or reduced. For example, apharmacological effect would be one that results in the prevention orreduction of primary indications in a treated subject.

Compounds of the present invention or salts thereof that containnitrogens can be converted to N-oxides by treatment with an oxidizingagent (e.g., 3-chloroperoxybenzoic acid (m-CPBA) and/or hydrogenperoxides) to afford other compounds or salts of the present invention.Thus, all shown and claimed nitrogen-containing compounds or salts areconsidered, when allowed by valency and structure, to include both thecompound or salt as shown and its N-oxide derivative (which can bedesignated as N→O or N⁺—O⁻). Furthermore, in other instances, thenitrogens in the compounds or salts of the present invention can beconverted to N-hydroxy or N-alkoxy compounds. For example, N-hydroxycompounds can be prepared by oxidation of the parent amine by anoxidizing agent such as m-CPBA. All shown and claimednitrogen-containing compounds or salts are also considered, when allowedby valency and structure, to cover both the compound or salt as shownand its N-hydroxy (i.e., N—OH) and N-alkoxy (i.e., N—OR, wherein R issubstituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ alkenyl, C₁₋₆ alkynyl,C₃₋₁₄ carbocycle, or 3-14-membered heterocycle) derivatives.

“Counterion” is used to represent a small, negatively charged speciessuch as chloride, bromide, hydroxide, acetate, and sulfate.

An “anionic group,” as used herein, refers to a group that is negativelycharged at physiological pH. Anionic groups include carboxylate,sulfate, sulfonate, sulfinate, sulfamate, tetrazolyl, phosphate,phosphonate, phosphinate, or phosphorothioate or functional equivalentsthereof. “Functional equivalents” of anionic groups are intended toinclude bioisosteres, e.g., bioisosteres of a carboxylate group.Bioisosteres encompass both classical bioisosteric equivalents andnon-classical bioisosteric equivalents. Classical and non-classicalbioisosteres are known in the art (see, e.g., Silverman, R. B. TheOrganic Chemistry of Drug Design and Drug Action, Academic Press, Inc.:San Diego, Calif., 1992, pp. 19-23). In one embodiment, an anionic groupis a carboxylate.

The present invention is intended to include all isotopes of atomsoccurring in the present compounds. Isotopes include those atoms havingthe same atomic number but different mass numbers. By way of generalexample and without limitation, isotopes of hydrogen include tritium anddeuterium, and isotopes of carbon include C-13 and C-14.

The compounds or salts described herein may have asymmetric centers.Compounds of the present invention or salts thereof containing anasymmetrically substituted atom may be isolated in optically active orracemic forms. It is well known in the art how to prepare opticallyactive forms, such as by resolution of racemic forms or by synthesisfrom optically active starting materials. Many geometric isomers ofolefins, C═N double bonds, and the like can also be present in thecompounds described herein, and all such stable isomers are contemplatedin the present invention. Cis and trans geometric isomers of thecompounds of the present invention or salts thereof are described andmay be isolated as a mixture of isomers or as separated isomeric forms.All chiral, diastereomeric, racemic, and geometric isomeric forms of astructure are intended, unless the specific stereochemistry or isomericform is specifically indicated. All tautomers of shown or describedcompounds or salts are also considered to be part of the presentinvention.

In the present specification, the structural formula of the compound orsalt represents a certain isomer for convenience in some cases, but thepresent invention includes all isomers such as geometrical isomer,optical isomer based on an asymmetrical carbon, stereoisomer, tautomerand the like which occur structurally and an isomer mixture and is notlimited to the description of the formula for convenience, and may beany one of isomer or a mixture. Therefore, an asymmetrical carbon atommay be present in the molecule and an optically active compound and aracemic compound may be present in the present compound, but the presentinvention is not limited to them and includes any one. In addition, acrystal polymorphism may be present but is not limiting, but any crystalform may be single or a crystal form mixture, or an anhydride orhydrate. Further, so-called metabolite which is produced by degradationof the present compound in vivo is included in the scope of the presentinvention.

“Isomerism” means compounds or salts that have identical molecularformulae but that differ in the nature or the sequence of bonding oftheir atoms or in the arrangement of their atoms in space. Isomers thatdiffer in the arrangement of their atoms in space are termed“stereoisomers”. Stereoisomers that are not mirror images of one anotherare termed “diastereoisomers”, and stereoisomers that arenon-superimposable mirror images are termed “enantiomers”, or sometimesoptical isomers. A carbon atom bonded to four nonidentical substituentsis termed a “chiral center”.

“Chiral isomer” means a compound or salt with at least one chiralcenter. It has two enantiomeric forms of opposite chirality and mayexist either as an individual enantiomer or as a mixture of enantiomers.A mixture containing equal amounts of individual enantiomeric forms ofopposite chirality is termed a “racemic mixture”. A compound or saltthat has more than one chiral center has 2^(n-1) enantiomeric pairs,where n is the number of chiral centers. Compounds or salts with morethan one chiral center may exist as either an individual diastereomer oras a mixture of diastereomers, termed a “diastereomeric mixture”. Whenone chiral center is present, a stereoisomer may be characterized by theabsolute configuration (R or S) of that chiral center. Absoluteconfiguration refers to the arrangement in space of the substituentsattached to the chiral center. The substituents attached to the chiralcenter under consideration are ranked in accordance with the SequenceRule of Cahn, Ingold and Prelog. (Cahn et al, Angew. Chem. Inter. Edit.1966, 5, 385; errata 511; Cahn et al., Angew. Chem. 1966, 78, 413; Cahnand Ingold, J. Chem. Soc. 1951 (London), 612; Cahn et al., Experientia1956, 12, 81; Cahn, J., Chem. Educ. 1964, 41, 116).

“Geometric Isomers” means the diastereomers that owe their existence tohindered rotation about double bonds. These configurations aredifferentiated in their names by the prefixes cis and trans, or Z and E,which indicate that the groups are on the same or opposite side of thedouble bond in the molecule according to the Cahn-Ingold-Prelog rules.

Further, the structures and other compounds or salts discussed in thisapplication include all atropic isomers thereof. “Atropic isomers” are atype of stereoisomer in which the atoms of two isomers are arrangeddifferently in space. Atropic isomers owe their existence to arestricted rotation caused by hindrance of rotation of large groupsabout a central bond. Such atropic isomers typically exist as a mixture,however as a result of recent advances in chromatography techniques, ithas been possible to separate mixtures of two atropic isomers in selectcases.

The terms “crystal polymorphs” or “polymorphs” or “crystal forms” meanscrystal structures in which a compound (or salt or solvate thereof) cancrystallize in different crystal packing arrangements, all of which havethe same elemental composition. Different crystal forms usually havedifferent X-ray diffraction patterns, infrared spectral, melting points,density hardness, crystal shape, optical and electrical properties,stability and solubility. Recrystallization solvent, rate ofcrystallization, storage temperature, and other factors may cause onecrystal form to dominate. Crystal polymorphs of the compounds can beprepared by crystallization under different conditions.

Additionally, the compounds of the present invention, for example, thesalts of the compounds, can exist in either hydrated or unhydrated (theanhydrous) form or as solvates with other solvent molecules. Nonlimitingexamples of hydrates include monohydrates, dihydrates, etc. Nonlimitingexamples of solvates include ethanol solvates, acetone solvates, etc.

“Solvates” means solvent addition forms that contain eitherstoichiometric or non stoichiometric amounts of solvent. Some compoundsor salts have a tendency to trap a fixed molar ratio of solventmolecules in the crystalline solid state, thus forming a solvate. If thesolvent is water the solvate formed is a hydrate, when the solvent isalcohol, the solvate formed is an alcoholate. Hydrates are formed by thecombination of one or more molecules of water with one of the substancesin which the water retains its molecular state as H₂O, such combinationbeing able to form one or more hydrate.

“Tautomers” refers to compounds or salts whose structures differmarkedly in arrangement of atoms, but which exist in easy and rapidequilibrium. It is to be understood that the compounds of the inventionor salts thereof may be depicted as different tautomers. It should alsobe understood that when compounds have tautomeric forms, all tautomericforms are intended to be within the scope of the invention, and thenaming of the compounds or salts does not exclude any tautomer form.

Some compounds of the present invention or salts thereof can exist in atautomeric form. Tautomers are also intended to be encompassed withinthe scope of the present invention.

The compounds, salts and prodrugs of the present invention can exist inseveral tautomeric forms, including the enol and imine form, and theketo and enamine form and geometric isomers and mixtures thereof. Allsuch tautomeric forms are included within the scope of the presentinvention. Tautomers exist as mixtures of a tautomeric set in solution.In solid form, usually one tautomer predominates. Even though onetautomer may be described, the present invention includes all tautomersof the present compounds or salts.

A tautomer is one of two or more structural isomers that exist inequilibrium and are readily converted from one isomeric form to another.This reaction results in the formal migration of a hydrogen atomaccompanied by a switch of adjacent conjugated double bonds. Insolutions where tautomerization is possible, a chemical equilibrium ofthe tautomers will be reached. The exact ratio of the tautomers dependson several factors, including temperature, solvent, and pH. The conceptof tautomers that are interconvertable by tautomerizations is calledtautomerism.

Of the various types of tautomerism that are possible, two are commonlyobserved. In keto-enol tautomerism a simultaneous shift of electrons anda hydrogen atom occurs. Ring-chain tautomerism, is exhibited by glucose.It arises as a result of the aldehyde group (—CHO) in a sugar chainmolecule reacting with one of the hydroxy groups (—OH) in the samemolecule to give it a cyclic (ring-shaped) form.

Tautomerizations are catalyzed by: Base: 1. deprotonation; 2. formationof a delocalized anion (e.g. an enolate); 3. protonation at a differentposition of the anion; Acid: 1. protonation; 2. formation of adelocalized cation; 3. deprotonation at a different position adjacent tothe cation.

Common tautomeric pairs are: ketone—enol, amide—nitrile, lactam—lactim,amide—imidic acid tautomerism in heterocyclic rings (e.g. in thenucleobases guanine, thymine, and cytosine), amine—enamine andenamine—enamine.

It is to be understood accordingly that the isomers arising fromasymmetric carbon atoms (e.g., all enantiomers and diastereomers) areincluded within the scope of the invention, unless indicated otherwise.Such isomers can be obtained in substantially pure form by classicalseparation techniques and by stereochemically controlled synthesis.Furthermore, the structures and other compounds and moieties discussedin this application also include all tautomers thereof. Alkenes caninclude either the E- or Z-geometry, where appropriate. The compounds ofthis invention may exist in stereoisomeric form, therefore can beproduced as individual stereoisomers or as mixtures.

A “pharmaceutical composition” is a formulation containing the disclosedcompounds or salts thereof in a form suitable for administration to asubject. In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition is in bulk orin unit dosage form. It is can be advantageous to formulate compositionsin dosage unit form for ease of administration and uniformity of dosage.Dosage unit form as used herein refers to physically discrete unitssuited as unitary dosages for the subject to be treated; each unitcontaining a predetermined quantity of active reagent calculated toproduce the desired therapeutic effect in association with the requiredpharmaceutical carrier. The specification for the dosage unit forms ofthe invention are dictated by and directly dependent on the uniquecharacteristics of the active reagent and the particular therapeuticeffect to be achieved, and the limitations inherent in the art ofcompounding such an active agent for the treatment of individuals.

The unit dosage form is any of a variety of forms, including, forexample, a capsule, an IV bag, a tablet, a single pump on an aerosolinhaler, or a vial. The quantity of active ingredient (e.g., aformulation of the disclosed compound or salt, hydrate, solvate, orisomer thereof in a unit dose of composition is an effective amount andis varied according to the particular treatment involved. One skilled inthe art will appreciate that it is sometimes necessary to make routinevariations to the dosage depending on the age and condition of thepatient. The dosage will also depend on the route of administration. Avariety of routes are contemplated, including oral, pulmonary, rectal,parenteral, transdermal, subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular,intraperitoneal, inhalational, buccal, sublingual, intrapleural,intrathecal, intranasal, and the like. Dosage forms for the topical ortransdermal administration of a compound of this invention or saltthereof include powders, sprays, ointments, pastes, creams, lotions,gels, solutions, patches and inhalants. In one embodiment, the activecompound or salt is mixed under sterile conditions with apharmaceutically acceptable carrier, and with any preservatives,buffers, or propellants that are required.

The term “flash dose” refers to compound formulations that are rapidlydispersing dosage forms.

The term “immediate release” is defined as a release of compound or saltfrom a dosage form in a relatively brief period of time, generally up toabout 60 minutes. The term “modified release” is defined to includedelayed release, extended release, and pulsed release. The term “pulsedrelease” is defined as a series of releases of drug from a dosage form.The term “sustained release” or “extended release” is defined ascontinuous release of a compound or salt from a dosage form over aprolonged period.

A “subject” includes mammals, e.g., humans, companion animals (e.g.,dogs, cats, birds, and the like), farm animals (e.g., cows, sheep, pigs,horses, fowl, and the like) and laboratory animals (e.g., rats, mice,guinea pigs, birds, and the like). In one embodiment, the subject ishuman.

As used herein, the phrase “pharmaceutically acceptable” refers to thosecompounds, salts, materials, compositions, carriers, and/or dosage formswhich are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for usein contact with the tissues of human beings and animals withoutexcessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, or other problem orcomplication, commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio.

“Pharmaceutically acceptable excipient” means an excipient that isuseful in preparing a pharmaceutical composition that is generally safe,non-toxic and neither biologically nor otherwise undesirable, andincludes excipient that is acceptable for veterinary use as well ashuman pharmaceutical use. A “pharmaceutically acceptable excipient” asused in the specification and claims includes both one and more than onesuch excipient.

The phrase “pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier” as used herein means apharmaceutically-acceptable material, composition or vehicle, such as aliquid or solid filler, diluent, excipient, or solvent encapsulatingmaterial, involved in carrying or transporting the subject compound fromone organ, or portion of the body, to another organ, or portion of thebody. Each carrier must be “acceptable” in the sense of being compatiblewith the other ingredients of the formulation and not injurious to thepatient. Some examples of materials which can serve aspharmaceutically-acceptable carriers include: sugars, such as lactose,glucose and sucrose; starches, such as corn starch and potato starch;cellulose, and its derivatives, such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose,ethyl cellulose and cellulose acetate; powdered tragacanth; malt;gelatin; talc; excipients, such as cocoa butter and suppository waxes;oils, such as peanut oil, cottonseed oil, safflower oil, sesame oil,olive oil, corn oil and soybean oil; glycols, such as propylene glycol;polyols, such as glycerin, sorbitol, mannitol and polyethylene glycol;esters, such as ethyl oleate and ethyl laurate; agar; buffering agents,such as magnesium hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide; alginic acid;pyrogen-free water; isotonic saline; Ringer's solution; ethyl alcohol;pH buffered solutions; polyesters, polycarbonates and/or polyanhydrides;and other non-toxic compatible substances employed in pharmaceuticalformulations.

The compounds of the invention are capable of further forming salts. Allof these forms are also contemplated within the scope of the claimedinvention.

“Pharmaceutically acceptable salt” of a compound means a salt that ispharmaceutically acceptable and that possesses the desiredpharmacological activity of the parent compound.

As used herein, “pharmaceutically acceptable salts” refer to derivativesof the disclosed compounds wherein the parent compound is modified bymaking acid or base salts thereof. Examples of pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts include, but are not limited to, mineral or organicacid salts of basic residues such as amines, alkali or organic salts ofacidic residues such as carboxylic acids, and the like. Thepharmaceutically acceptable salts include the conventional non-toxicsalts or the quaternary ammonium salts of the parent compound formed,for example, from non-toxic inorganic or organic acids. For example,such conventional non-toxic salts include, but are not limited to, thosederived from inorganic and organic acids selected from 2-acetoxybenzoic,2-hydroxyethane sulfonic, acetic, ascorbic, benzene sulfonic, benzoic,bicarbonic, carbonic, citric, edetic, ethane disulfonic, 1,2-ethanesulfonic, fumaric, glucoheptonic, gluconic, glutamic, glycolic,glycollyarsanilic, hexylresorcinic, hydrabamic, hydrobromic,hydrochloric, hydroiodic, hydroxymaleic, hydroxynaphthoic, isethionic,lactic, lactobionic, lauryl sulfonic, maleic, malic, mandelic, methanesulfonic, napsylic, nitric, oxalic, pamoic, pantothenic, phenylacetic,phosphoric, polygalacturonic, propionic, salicyclic, stearic, subacetic,succinic, sulfamic, sulfanilic, sulfuric, tannic, tartaric, toluenesulfonic, and the commonly occurring amine acids, e.g., glycine,alanine, phenylalanine, arginine, etc.

Other examples include hexanoic acid, cyclopentane propionic acid,pyruvic acid, malonic acid, 3-(4-hydroxybenzoyl)benzoic acid, cinnamicacid, 4-chlorobenzenesulfonic acid, 2-naphthalenesulfonic acid,4-toluenesulfonic acid, camphorsulfonic acid,4-methylbicyclo-[2.2.2]-oct-2-ene-1-carboxylic acid, 3-phenylpropionicacid, trimethylacetic acid, tertiary butylacetic acid, muconic acid, andthe like. The invention also encompasses salts formed when an acidicproton present in the parent compound either is replaced by a metal ion,e.g., an alkali metal ion, an alkaline earth ion, or an aluminum ion; orcoordinates with an organic base such as ethanolamine, diethanolamine,triethanolamine, tromethamine, N-methylglucamine, and the like.

It should be understood that all references to pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts include solvent addition forms (solvates) or crystalforms (polymorphs) as defined herein, of the same salt.

The pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the present invention can besynthesized from a parent compound that contains a basic or acidicmoiety by conventional chemical methods. Generally, such salts can beprepared by reacting the free acid or base forms of these compounds witha stoichiometric amount of the appropriate base or acid in water or inan organic solvent, or in a mixture of the two; non-aqueous media likeether, ethyl acetate, ethanol, isopropanol, or acetonitrile can be used.Lists of suitable salts are found in Remington's PharmaceuticalSciences, 18th ed. (Mack Publishing Company, 1990). For example, saltscan include, but are not limited to, the hydrochloride and acetate saltsof the aliphatic amine-containing, hydroxyl amine-containing, andimine-containing compounds of the present invention.

The compounds or salts of the present invention can be prepared asprodrugs, for example pharmaceutically acceptable prodrugs. The terms“pro-drug” and “prodrug” are used interchangeably herein and refer toany compound which releases an active parent drug in vivo. Sinceprodrugs are known to enhance numerous desirable qualities ofpharmaceuticals (e.g., solubility, bioavailability, manufacturing, etc.)the compounds or salts of the present invention can be delivered inprodrug form. Thus, the present invention is intended to cover prodrugsof the presently claimed compounds and salts, methods of delivering thesame and compositions containing the same. “Prodrugs” are intended toinclude any covalently bonded carriers that release an active parentdrug of the present invention in vivo when such prodrug is administeredto a subject. Prodrugs the present invention are prepared by modifyingfunctional groups present in the compound in such a way that themodifications are cleaved, either in routine manipulation or in vivo, tothe parent compound or salt Prodrugs include compounds or salts of thepresent invention wherein a hydroxy, amino, sulfhydryl, carboxy, orcarbonyl group is bonded to any group that, may be cleaved in vivo toform a free hydroxyl, free amino, free sulfhydryl, free carboxy or freecarbonyl group, respectively.

Examples of prodrugs include, but are not limited to, esters (e.g.,acetate, dialkylaminoacetates, formates, phosphates, sulfates, andbenzoate derivatives) and carbamates (e.g., N,N-dimethylaminocarbonyl)of hydroxy functional groups, esters groups (e.g. ethyl esters,morpholinoethanol esters) of carboxyl functional groups, N-acylderivatives (e.g. N-acetyl) N-Mannich bases, Schiff bases and enaminonesof amino functional groups, oximes, acetals, ketals and enol esters ofketone and aldehyde functional groups in compounds, and the like, SeeBundegaard, H. “Design of Prodrugs” p 1-92, Elesevier, New York-Oxford(1985).

“Protecting group” refers to a grouping of atoms that when attached to areactive group in a molecule masks, reduces or prevents that reactivity.Examples of protecting groups can be found in Green and Wuts, ProtectiveGroups in Organic Chemistry, (Wiley, 2^(nd) ed. 1991); Harrison andHarrison et al., Compendium of Synthetic Organic Methods, Vols. 1-8(John Wiley and Sons, 1971-1996); and Kocienski, Protecting Groups,(Verlag, 3^(rd) ed. 2003).

“Stable compound” and “stable structure” are meant to indicate acompound or salt that is sufficiently robust to survive isolation to auseful degree of purity from a reaction mixture, and formulation into anefficacious therapeutic agent.

In the specification, the singular forms also include the plural, unlessthe context clearly dictates otherwise. Unless defined otherwise, alltechnical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning ascommonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which thisinvention belongs. In the case of conflict, the present specificationwill control.

All percentages and ratios used herein, unless otherwise indicated, areby weight.

“Combination therapy” (or “co-therapy”) includes the administration of acompound of the invention or salt thereof and at least a second agent aspart of a specific treatment regimen intended to provide the beneficialeffect from the co-action of these therapeutic agents. The beneficialeffect of the combination includes, but is not limited to,pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic co-action resulting from thecombination of therapeutic agents. Administration of these therapeuticagents in combination typically is carried out over a defined timeperiod (usually minutes, hours, days or weeks depending upon thecombination selected). “Combination therapy” may, but generally is not,intended to encompass the administration of two or more of thesetherapeutic agents as part of separate monotherapy regimens thatincidentally and arbitrarily result in the combinations of the presentinvention.

“Combination therapy” is intended to embrace administration of thesetherapeutic agents in a sequential manner, that is, wherein eachtherapeutic agent is administered at a different time, as well asadministration of these therapeutic agents, or at least two of thetherapeutic agents, in a substantially simultaneous manner.Substantially simultaneous administration can be accomplished, forexample, by administering to the subject a single capsule having a fixedratio of each therapeutic agent or in multiple, single capsules for eachof the therapeutic agents. Sequential or substantially simultaneousadministration of each therapeutic agent can be effected by anyappropriate route including, but not limited to, oral routes,intravenous routes, intramuscular routes, and direct absorption throughmucous membrane tissues. The therapeutic agents can be administered bythe same route or by different routes. For example, a first therapeuticagent of the combination selected may be administered by intravenousinjection while the other therapeutic agents of the combination may beadministered orally. Alternatively, for example, all therapeutic agentsmay be administered orally or all therapeutic agents may be administeredby intravenous injection. The sequence in which the therapeutic agentsare administered is not narrowly critical.

“Combination therapy” also embraces the administration of thetherapeutic agents as described above in further combination with otherbiologically active ingredients and non-drug therapies (e.g., surgery orradiation treatment). Where the combination therapy further comprises anon-drug treatment, the non-drug treatment may be conducted at anysuitable time so long as a beneficial effect from the co-action of thecombination of the therapeutic agents and non-drug treatment isachieved. For example, in appropriate cases, the beneficial effect isstill achieved when the non-drug treatment is temporally removed fromthe administration of the therapeutic agents, perhaps by days or evenweeks.

Throughout the description, where compositions are described as having,including, or comprising specific components, it is contemplated thatcompositions also consist essentially of, or consist of, the recitedcomponents. Similarly, where processes are described as having,including, or comprising specific process steps, the processes alsoconsist essentially of, or consist of, the recited processing steps.Further, it should be understood that the order of steps or order forperforming certain actions are immaterial so long as the inventionremains operable. Moreover, two or more steps or actions may beconducted simultaneously.

The compounds, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, areadministered orally, nasally, transdermally, pulmonary, inhalationally,buccally, sublingually, intraperintoneally, subcutaneously,intramuscularly, intravenously, rectally, intrapleurally, intrathecallyand parenterally. In one embodiment, the compound or salt isadministered orally. One skilled in the art will recognize theadvantages of certain routes of administration.

The dosage regimen utilizing the compounds or salts is selected inaccordance with a variety of factors including type, species, age,weight, sex and medical condition of the patient; the severity of thecondition to be treated; the route of administration; the renal andhepatic function of the patient; and the particular compound or saltthereof employed. An ordinarily skilled physician or veterinarian canreadily determine and prescribe the effective amount of the drugrequired to prevent, counter or arrest the progress of the condition.

Techniques for formulation and administration of the disclosed compoundsof the invention or salts thereof can be found in Remington: the Scienceand Practice of Pharmacy, 19^(th) edition, Mack Publishing Co., Easton,Pa. (1995). In an embodiment, the compounds described herein, and thepharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, are used in pharmaceuticalpreparations in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrieror diluent. Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include inertsolid fillers or diluents and sterile aqueous or organic solutions. Thecompounds or salts will be present in such pharmaceutical compositionsin amounts sufficient to provide the desired dosage amount in the rangedescribed herein.

In one embodiment, the compound or salt is prepared for oraladministration, wherein the disclosed compounds or salts thereof arecombined with a suitable solid or liquid carrier or diluent to formcapsules, tablets, pills, powders, syrups, solutions, suspensions andthe like.

The tablets, pills, capsules, and the like contain from about 1 to about99 weight percent of the active ingredient and a binder such as gumtragacanth, acacias, corn starch or gelatin; excipients such asdicalcium phosphate; a disintegrating agent such as corn starch, potatostarch or alginic acid; a lubricant such as magnesium stearate; and/or asweetening agent such as sucrose, lactose, saccharin, xylitol, and thelike. When a dosage unit form is a capsule, it often contains, inaddition to materials of the above type, a liquid carrier such as afatty oil.

In some embodiments, various other materials are present as coatings orto modify the physical form of the dosage unit. For instance, in someembodiments, tablets are coated with shellac, sugar or both. In someembodiments, a syrup or elixir contains, in addition to the activeingredient, sucrose as a sweetening agent, methyl and propylparabens aspreservatives, a dye and a flavoring such as cherry or orange flavor,and the like.

For some embodiments relating to parental administration, the disclosedcompounds or salts, solvates, tautomers or polymorphs thereof, can becombined with sterile aqueous or organic media to form injectablesolutions or suspensions. In one embodiment, injectable compositions areaqueous isotonic solutions or suspensions. The compositions may besterilized and/or contain adjuvants, such as preserving, stabilizing,wetting or emulsifying agents, solution promoters, salts for regulatingthe osmotic pressure and/or buffers. In addition, they may also containother therapeutically valuable substances. The compositions are preparedaccording to conventional mixing, granulating or coating methods,respectively, and contain about 0.1 to 75%, in another embodiment, thecompositions contain about 1 to 50%, of the active ingredient.

For example, injectable solutions are produced using solvents such assesame or peanut oil or aqueous propylene glycol, as well as aqueoussolutions of water-soluble pharmaceutically-acceptable salts of thecompounds. In some embodiments, dispersions are prepared in glycerol,liquid polyethylene glycols and mixtures thereof in oils. Under ordinaryconditions of storage and use, these preparations contain a preservativeto prevent the growth of microorganisms. The terms “parenteraladministration” and “administered parenterally” as used herein meansmodes of administration other than enteral and topical administration,usually by injection, and includes, without limitation, intravenous,intramuscular, intraarterial, intrathecal, intracapsular, intraorbital,intracardiac, intradermal, intraperitoneal, transtracheal, subcutaneous,subcuticular, intraarticular, subcapsular, subarachnoid, intraspinal andintrasternal injection and infusion.

For rectal administration, suitable pharmaceutical compositions are, forexample, topical preparations, suppositories or enemas. Suppositoriesare advantageously prepared from fatty emulsions or suspensions. Thecompositions may be sterilized and/or contain adjuvants, such aspreserving, stabilizing, wetting or emulsifying agents, solutionpromoters, salts for regulating the osmotic pressure and/or buffers. Inaddition, they may also contain other therapeutically valuablesubstances. The compositions are prepared according to conventionalmixing, granulating or coating methods, respectively, and contain about0.1 to 75%, in another embodiment, compositions contain about 1 to 50%,of the active ingredient.

In some embodiments, the compounds or salts are formulated to deliverthe active agent by pulmonary administration, e.g., administration of anaerosol formulation containing the active agent from, for example, amanual pump spray, nebulizer or pressurized metered-dose inhaler. Insome embodiments, suitable formulations of this type also include otheragents, such as antistatic agents, to maintain the disclosed compoundsor salts as effective aerosols.

A drug delivery device for delivering aerosols comprises a suitableaerosol canister with a metering valve containing a pharmaceuticalaerosol formulation as described and an actuator housing adapted to holdthe canister and allow for drug delivery. The canister in the drugdelivery device has a headspace representing greater than about 15% ofthe total volume of the canister. Often, the polymer intended forpulmonary administration is dissolved, suspended or emulsified in amixture of a solvent, surfactant and propellant. The mixture ismaintained under pressure in a canister that has been sealed with ametering valve.

For nasal administration, either a solid or a liquid carrier can beused. The solid carrier includes a coarse powder having particle size inthe range of, for example, from about 20 to about 500 microns and suchformulation is administered by rapid inhalation through the nasalpassages. In some embodiments where the liquid carrier is used, theformulation is administered as a nasal spray or drops and includes oilor aqueous solutions of the active ingredients.

The active reagents can be prepared with carriers that will protectagainst rapid elimination from the body. For example, a controlledrelease formulation can be used, including implants andmicroencapsulated delivery systems. Biodegradable, biocompatiblepolymers can be used, such as ethylene vinyl acetate, polyanhydrides,polyglycolic acid, collagen, polyorthoesters, and polylactic acid.Methods for preparation of such formulations will be apparent to thoseskilled in the art. The materials can also be obtained commercially fromAlza Corporation and Nova Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Liposomal suspensions(including liposomes targeted to infected cells with monoclonalantibodies to viral antigens) can also be used as pharmaceuticallyacceptable carriers. These can be prepared according to methods known tothose skilled in the art, for example, as described in U.S. Pat. No.4,522,811.

The compositions and formulations of the instant invention can alsocomprise one or more desiccants. Suitable desiccants that can be used inthe present invention are those that are pharmaceutically safe, andinclude, for example, pharmaceutical grades of silica gel, crystallinesodium, potassium or calcium aluminosilicate, colloidal silica,anhydrous calcium sulphate and the like. The desiccant may be present inan amount from about 1.0% to 20.0%, or from about 2% to 15% w/w (or anyvalue within said range).

Also contemplated are formulations that are rapidly dispersing dosageforms, also known as “flash dose” forms. In particular, some embodimentsof the present invention are formulated as compositions that releasetheir active ingredients within a short period of time, e.g., typicallyless than about five minutes, in another embodiment, less than aboutninety seconds, in another embodiment, less than about thirty secondsand in another embodiment, in less than about ten or fifteen seconds.Such formulations are suitable for administration to a subject via avariety of routes, for example by insertion into a body cavity orapplication to a moist body surface or open wound.

Typically, a “flash dosage” is a solid dosage form that is administeredorally, which rapidly disperses in the mouth, and hence does not requiregreat effort in swallowing and allows the compound to be rapidlyingested or absorbed through the oral mucosal membranes. In someembodiments, suitable rapidly dispersing dosage forms are also used inother applications, including the treatment of wounds and other bodilyinsults and diseased states in which release of the medicament byexternally supplied moisture is not possible.

“Flash dose” forms are known in the art; see for example, effervescentdosage forms and quick release coatings of insoluble microparticles inU.S. Pat. Nos. 5,578,322 and 5,607,697; freeze dried foams and liquidsin U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,642,903 and 5,631,023; melt spinning of dosage formsin U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,855,326, 5,380,473 and 5,518,730; solid, free-formfabrication in U.S. Pat. No. 6,471,992; saccharide-based carrier matrixand a liquid binder in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,587,172, 5,616,344, 6,277,406,and 5,622,719; and other forms known to the art.

The compounds of the invention or salts thereof are also formulated as“pulsed release” formulations, in which the compound or salt is releasedfrom the pharmaceutical compositions in a series of releases (i.e.,pulses). The compounds or salts are also formulated as “sustainedrelease” formulations in which the compound or salt is continuouslyreleased from the pharmaceutical composition over a prolonged period.

Also contemplated are formulations, e.g., liquid formulations, includingcyclic or acyclic encapsulating or solvating agents, e.g.,cyclodextrins, polyethers, or polysaccharides (e.g., methylcellulose),or in another embodiment, polyanionic β-cyclodextrin derivatives with asodium sulfonate salt group separate from the lipophilic cavity by analkyl ether spacer group or polysaccharides. In one embodiment, theagent is methylcellulose. In another embodiment, the agent is apolyanionic β-cyclodextrin derivative with a sodium sulfonate saltseparated from the lipophilic cavity by a butyl ether spacer group,e.g., CAPTISOL® (CyDex, Overland, Kans.). One skilled in the art canevaluate suitable agent/disclosed compound formulation ratios bypreparing a solution of the agent in water, e.g., a 40% by weightsolution; preparing serial dilutions, e.g. to make solutions of 20%, 10,5%, 2.5%, 0% (control), and the like; adding an excess (compared to theamount that can be solubilized by the agent) of the disclosed compoundor salt; mixing under appropriate conditions, e.g., heating, agitation,sonication, and the like; centrifuging or filtering the resultingmixtures to obtain clear solutions; and analyzing the solutions forconcentration of the disclosed compound or salt.

All publications and patent documents cited herein are incorporatedherein by reference as if each such publication or document wasspecifically and individually indicated to be incorporated herein byreference. Citation of publications and patent documents is not intendedas an admission that any is pertinent prior art, nor does it constituteany admission as to the contents or date of the same. The inventionhaving now been described by way of written description, those of skillin the art will recognize that the invention can be practiced in avariety of embodiments and that the foregoing description and examplesbelow are for purposes of illustration and not limitation of the claimsthat follow.

Examples Example 1 Small Scale Synthesis of KX2-391

The preliminary synthesis described below was illustrated inUS20060160800A1. This procedure is useful for small scale reactions, forexample, reactions that produce up to 50 g of product.

For the following synthesis, unless otherwise noted, reagents andsolvents were used as received from commercial suppliers. Proton andcarbon nuclear magnetic resonance spectra were obtained on a Bruker AC300 or a Bruker AV 300 spectrometer at 300 MHz for proton and 75 MHz forcarbon. Spectra are given in ppm (δ) and coupling constants, J, arereported in Hertz. Tetramethylsilane was used as an internal standardfor proton spectra and the solvent peak was used as the reference peakfor carbon spectra. Mass spectra and LC-MS mass data were obtained on aPerkin Elmer Sciex 100 atmospheric pressure ionization (APCI) massspectrometer. LC-MS analyses were obtained using a Luna C8(2) Column(100×4.6 mm, Phenomenex) with UV detection at 254 nm using a standardsolvent gradient program (Method B). Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) wasperformed using Analtech silica gel plates and visualized by ultraviolet(UV) light, iodine, or 20 wt % phosphomolybdic acid in ethanol. HPLCanalyses were obtained using a Prevail C18 column (53×7 mm, Alltech)with UV detection at 254 nm using a standard solvent gradient program(Method A or B).

Method A:

Time Flow (min) (mL/min) % A % B 0.0 3.0 95.0 5.0 10.0 3.0 0.0 100.011.0 3.0 0.0 100.0 A = Water with 0.1 v/v Trifluoroacetic Acid B =Acetonitrile with 0.1 v/v Trifluoroacetic Acid

Method B:

Time Flow (min) (mL/min) % A % B 0.0 2.0 95.0 5.0 4.0 2.0 5.0 95.0 A =Water with 0.02 v/v Trifluoroacetic Acid B = Acetonitrile with 0.02 v/vTrifluoroacetic Acid

Synthesis of N-benzyl-2-(5-bromopyridin-2-yl)acetamide

A flask was charged with5-(5-bromopyridin-2(1H)-ylidene)-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxane-4,6-dione(1.039 g, 3.46 mmol), benzylamine (0.50 mL, 4.58 mmol), and toluene (20mL). The reaction was brought to reflux under nitrogen for 18 hours,then cooled and placed in a freezer until cold. The product wascollected by filtration and washed with hexanes to yield a mass ofbright white crystals (1.018 g, 96%).

Synthesis of4-(2-(4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl[1,3,2]dioxaborolan-2-yl)-phenoxy)ethyl)morpholine

To a stirring solution of4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl[1,3,2]dioxaborolan-2-yl)-phenol (2.55 g, 11.58mmol), 2-morpholin-4-ylethanol (1.60 mL, 1.73 g, 13.2 mmol) andtriphenyl phosphine (3.64 g, 13.9 mmol) in methylene chloride (60 mL) at0° C. was added dropwise DIAD (2.82 g, 13.9 mmol). The reaction wasallowed to warm to room temperature and stir overnight. After 18 hours,additional portions of triphenyl phosphine (1.51 g, 5.8 mmol),2-morpholin-4-ylethanol (0.70 mL, 5.8 mmol), and DIAD (1.17 g, 5.8 mmol)were added. After stirring an additional 2 hours at room temperature thereaction was concentrated and the residue purified by flashchromatography (5% to 25% EtOAc in CHCl₃) to provide the product as awhite solid (2.855 g, 74%).

Synthesis of2-(5-(4-(2-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)-N-benzylacetamideKX2-391

A 10 mL reaction tube with a septum closure and stir bar was chargedwith N-benzyl-2-(5-bromopyridin-2-yl)acetamide (123 mg, 0.403 mmol),4-(2-(4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl[1,3,2]dioxaborolan-2-yl)-phenoxy)ethyl)morpholine(171 mg, 0.513 mmol), and FibreCat 1007 (30 mg, 0.015 mmol). Ethanol (3mL) was added, followed by aqueous potassium carbonate solution (0.60mL, 1.0 M, 0.60 mmol). The tube was sealed and heated under microwaveconditions at 150° C. for 10 minutes. The reaction was cooled andconcentrated to remove the majority of the ethanol, and then taken up in10 mL of ethyl acetate and washed successively with water and saturatedsodium chloride solution. The organic layer was dried with MgSO₄,filtered and concentrated to a white solid. This white solid wastriturated with ethyl ether to give KX2-391 as a white solid (137 mg,79%): mp 135-137° C.; ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.70 (d, 1H, J=2.0 Hz),7.81 (dd, 1H, J=2.4 Hz, J=8.0 Hz), 7.65 (br s, 1H), 7.49 (d, 2H, J=8.8Hz), 7.37-7.20 (m, 6H), 7.01 (d, 2H, J=8.8 Hz), 4.49 (d, 2H, J=5.8 Hz),4.16 (t, 2H, J=5.7 Hz, 3.82 (s, 2H), 3.78-3.72 (m, 4H), 2.84 (t, 2H,J=5.7 Hz), 2.62-2.58 (m, 4H); HPLC (Method B) 98.0% (AUC), t_(R)=1.834min.; APCI MS m/z 432 [M+H]⁺.

Example 2 Intermediate Scale Synthesis of KX2-391 Di-Hydrochloride

The synthesis outlined in this example can be used on intermediate-scalereactions. The preparation of batches of at least 50 g of thedihydrochloride salt of KX2-391 is shown in Scheme 1. The linearsynthesis consisted of 6 steps, a seventh step being the preparation ofone of the reagents, 6-fluoropyridin-3-ylboronic acid (which is alsoavailable commercially). The overall yield of the sequence was 35% withan average yield of 83%, with the lowest yielding step being that of68%. Of the seven steps only one required chromatography. The procedurelisted below was performed on a 70 g scale.

The first step is a Williamson ether synthesis between 4-bromophenol(131 g) and N-chloroethylmorpholine (1 as the HCl salt; 141 g) usingK₂CO₃ powder (3 to 3.5 equivalents) as the base and having acetonitrileas the solvent. The ingredients were mixed and stirred at refluxovernight with high conversion (96.3-99.1%). After dilution withdichloromethane and heptane, the reaction mixture was filtered andevaporated to give the desired product 2 in essentially a quantitativeyield (216 g). Note that with similar substrates (e.g.,4-bromo-3-fluorophenol), conversions (even with extensive heating) werenot always so high (e.g., 59.9-98.3%). Both the alkyl chloride and theK₂CO₃ are preferably purchased from Aldrich. If continued heating doesnot drive reaction to completion, unreacted bromophenol can readily beremoved by dissolving the crude reaction mixture in 4 parts toluene andwashing out the phenol with 4 parts 15% aqueous NaOH.

One of the reagents required for the second step (Suzuki coupling) was6-fluoropyridin-3-ylboronic acid (4). Although available commercially,this reagent was readily prepared by lithium-bromide exchange of5-bromo-2-fluoropyridine (3, 102 g) with n-butyllithium (1.2 eq) at lowtemperatures (<−60° C.) in TBME followed by the addition oftriisopropylborate (1.65 eq). Both stages of the reaction are brief,with an overall reaction time (including addition times) of 3 h.Quenching is achieved with aqueous 24% NaOH, which also extracts theproduct leaving impurities in the organic layer. Once the aqueous layeris removed, it is then neutralized with HCl and extracted with EtOAc.After drying the organics and diluting with some heptane, concentrationleads to precipitation/crystallization of the product. Filtration gavethe boronic acid 4 in relatively high purity (96.4% AUC) and good yield(69 g, 79-90%; see note on estimation of yield in the experimentalsection), which can be used without further purification.

The second reaction step in the linear sequence (a Suzuki coupling) is asimple reaction to set up; all the reagents [2 (111 g), aqueous Na₂CO₃,DME, and Pd(PPh₃)₄ (0.04 eq)] were charged to the reaction flask and themixture heated at reflux; note that the reaction mixture was degassed toremove oxygen. Once the reaction is complete (within 7 h), the work-upinvolved decanting (or siphoning off) of reaction solution from theorganic salts on the side of the flask (there was no visible aqueouslayer), the flask was rinsed, and dried, and the solvent was removedfrom the combined organics. Crystallization of crude 5 fromisopropanol/heptane provided material of improved purity compared to thecrude, but still required chromatography (ratio of silica gel to crudewas ˜8.5:1) to obtain material of adequate purity (>98%); the yield was68% (79.5 g). Use of clean 5 prevented the need for chromatography inthe next step, acetonitrile displacement of the fluorine atom.

The replacement of fluoride with acetonitrile was also a simplereaction, and a simple room temperature crystallization of the crudeproduct provided clean 6 in high yield and purity. The reaction involvedinitial formation of the “enolate” from acetonitrile (6.5 eq) usingpotassium hexamethyldisilane KHMDS (8 eq)/THF at −10° C. followedimmediately by the addition of fluoride 5 (79 g). The reaction was quickand after one hour quenching was achieved with saturated brine. Afterdrying and evaporation of solvent of the organics, the resulting crudemixture consisted of only two components, the desired product and a muchless polar product from apparent self-condensation of acetonitrile. Thecrude mixture was swirled in isopropanol/heptane and allowed to sitovernight, which resulted in complete crystallization of the product,which was filtered off and washed to provide high purity 6 (99.3% AUC)in good yield (64 g, 76%).

Methanolysis of 6 (64 g) was accomplished by heating in 40% H₂SO₄ (inMeOH) until the reaction was complete (25 h). The reaction was thencooled, stirred with MgSO₄ to convert traces of hydrolyzed product(ArCH₂—CO₂Me) back to product, and then added to cooled, aqueous K₂CO₃,with simultaneous extraction into dichloromethane. Drying andevaporation of most of the DCM followed by addition of 5% EtOAc (inheptane) and further concentration resulted in the crystallization ofthe product. Filtration of the solid and washing gave high purity (98.9%AUC) 7 in good yield (82%), additional high purity product (4 g) beingobtained from the mother liquors for a total yield of 61.7 g (87%).

The amidation step also involved charging of the reaction vessel withthe ingredients (7 (61 g), benzyl amine (3 eq), and high boilinganisole) and then heating at reflux until the reaction was complete.Cooling of the reaction mixture resulted in complete crystallization ofthe target compound with high purity (98.9%) and good yield (81%).

The final step was the formation of the dihydrochloric salt of thetarget compound. In order to ensure complete protonation at both basicsites, the reaction was conducted in absolute ethanol, which freelydissolved the dihydrochloride salt. After evaporation to near dryness,the reaction mixture was “chased” with ethanol twice to remove excesshydrogen chloride. The resulting viscous oil was dissolved in ethanol (2parts) and then added, with rapid stirring, to a large volume (20 parts)EtOAc (ethyl acetate). Filtration, washing with ethyl acetate (noheptane) and vacuum drying provided the dihydrochloride salt of KX2-391as a creamy-white powder. A total of 68 g (yield of 97%) was obtained ofthe final salt in high purity (99.6% AUC), which contained traces ofEtOAc (4.8% w/w), EtOH (0.3% w/w), and heptane (0.6% w/w; from a finalwash with heptane prior to vacuum drying). This salt was alsocrystallized (instead of the precipitation method described above) fromhot EtOH/EtOAc to afford crystalline beads that had much lower entrappedsolvent levels (only 0.26% w/w of EtOAc and 0.45% w/w of EtOH) and wasfree-flowing.

Preparation of 4-(2-(4-bromophenoxy)ethyl)morpholine (2)

A 5 L three-necked round-bottomed flask, equipped with mechanicalstirrer, thermometer with adapter, condenser, and nitrogen inlet (on topof condenser), was charged with 1 (140.7 g, 0.756 mol), 4-bromophenol(130.6 g, 0.755 mol), anhydrous K₂CO₃ powder (367.6 g, 2.66 mol, 3.5eq), and acetonitrile (1.3 L). The mixture was vigorously stirred (bladetouching bottom of flask) at 80° C. (overnight), followed by dilutionwith DCM (500 mL) and heptane (200 mL) and filtration through Celite.Evaporation to dryness (rotovap, then high vac) gave 2 as a light yellowoil (216.00 g, yield of 100%, 96.3% AUC, contains 3.7% unreactedbromophenol). This material was used successfully without furtherpurification.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 2.57 (t, 4 H), 2.79 (t, 2 H), 3.73 (t, 4 H), 4.08 (t, 2H), 6.78 (d, 2 H), 7.37 (d, 2 H). MS (from LC/MS): m/z 287.1 [M+1].

That the bromophenol can be readily removed was demonstrated on a 2 gsample by first dissolving the sample in toluene (8 g) and washing with8 g of 15% aqueous NaOH; liquid chromatography showed no trace ofunreacted bromophenol in the recovered product (1.97 g; 98.5% recovery).

Preparation of 6-fluoropyridin-3-ylboronic acid (4)

To stirred and cooled (dry ice-acetone bath) anhydrous [TBME] (620 mL;in a 3 L three-necked round-bottomed flask equipped with mechanicalstirrer, temperature probe with adapter, and nitrogen inlet) was added(via syringe) 2 M BuLi (352 mL, 0.704 mol, 1.2 eq). To this rapidlystirred and cooled (<−75° C.) mixture was added a solution of 3 (102.2g, 0.581 mol) in anhydrous TBME (100 mL) over a period of 13 min duringwhich time the internal temperature rose to −62° C. The reaction wasstirred for another 45 min (the temperature was maintained between −62°C. and −80° C.), followed by the rapid and sequential addition of fourportions of triisopropylborate (total of 180 g, 0.957 mol, 1.65 eq). Atthe end of the addition the internal temperature had risen to −33° C.After stirring an additional 45 min over the cold bath (internaltemperature lowered from −33° C. to −65° C.), the cold bath was removedand the stirred mixture on its own rose to −22° C. over a period of 50min. After warming (via water bath) to 6° C. over a period of 15 min,the stirred reaction mixture was placed in an ice-water bath and thenquenched under nitrogen with a cooled solution of NaOH (160 g) in water(500 mL). Once the addition was complete, the internal temperature was20° C. This mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1.5 h. Theaqueous layer was removed, neutralized to pH 7 with ˜350 mL concentratedHCl, and then extracted with EtOAc (3×1 L). Because the pH was now 8-9,the aqueous layer was adjusted to pH 7 using ˜15 mL concentrated HCl andextracted further (2×1 L) with ethyl acetate. The combined EtOAcextracts were dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated to a volume of˜150 mL. With swirling of the concentrate, heptane was added in portions(total volume of 300 mL) resulting in the precipitation/crystallizationof the product. Filtration, washing of the solid with heptane (100 mL,300 mL, then another 300 mL), and air drying gave the title product asan off-white solid (68.6 g, yield of 79-90%*; LC purity of 96.4%, NMRshowed an estimated 5.5% w/w of heptane), which was used successfullywithout further purification. LC/MS showed it to be a mixture of the twofollowing entities, the intensity of the higher molecular weight entitybeing major (*Note: yield of reaction is 79% if the boronic acid isassumed to be the only constituent and is 90% if it is assumed that thecyclic borate is the only constituent):

¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 7.14 (dd, 1 H), 8.27 (ddd, 1 H), 8.39 (br s, 2 H, 2OH), 8.54 (fine d, 1 H).

MS (from LC/MS): m/z 143.0 [M+1; for boronic acid] and 370.0 [M+1; forcyclic borate above].

Preparation of 4-(2-(4-(6-fluoropyridin-3-yl)phenoxy)ethyl)morpholine(5)

A 2 L three-necked round-bottomed flask equipped with mechanicalstirrer, thermometer and adapter, condenser, and nitrogen inlet (at topof condenser) was charged with 2 (110.7 g, 0.387 mol), 4 (71.05 g, 0.477mol, 1.23 eq) and DME (700 mL). The resulting stirred solution wasdegassed by passing a rapid stream of nitrogen through the stirredsolution over a period of 5 min followed by the addition of a degassedsolution of Na₂CO₃ (121.06 g, 1.142 mol, 3 eq) in H₂O (250 mL) and alsosolid Pd(PPh₃)₄ (19.8 g, 0.044 eq). Immediately after the last addition,the head space above the reaction mixture was purged with nitrogen andthe mixture then stirred at 80-85° C. (internal temperature) for 7 h,followed by cooling to room temperature. Because of the lack of anaqueous layer, the supernatant was decanted, leaving behind theinorganic salts (with adsorbed water). The reaction flask with theinorganic salts was washed with 50% dichloromethane/ethyl acetate (2×250mL), the washes being added to the decanted supernatant. These combinedorganics were dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and evaporated to dryness to adark brown oil (148 g). To this oil was added 150 g of 50%heptane/isopropyl alcohol (IPA) and after swirling and cooling (via icewater bath), crystallization began. Additional heptane (50 g) was addedand the resulting solid was filtered, washed, and air dried to give 48 gof a light brown solid. After evaporating the filtrate to dryness, theresulting mixture was swirled in 100 mL of 50% heptane/IPA followed bythe addition of more heptane (˜100 mL), stoppering and placing in thefreezer for crystallization. The resulting solid was filtered, washedwith heptane, and air dried to give 61 g of a gummy solid. Evaporationof the resulting filtrate gave an oil (34 g) which contained significantless polar impurities including Ph₃P═O and so it was partitioned between2 N HCl (240 mL) and EtOAc (220 mL). The bottom aqueous layer wasremoved and then stirred with EtOAc while neutralizing with K₂CO₃ to apH of 7-8. The EtOAc layer was dried, filtered, and evaporated todryness (22 g). The 48 g, 61 g, and 22 g portions were chromatographedover silica gel (1.1 Kg) packed in DCM. Elution with DCM (400 mL), 50%DCM/EtOAc (5 L), and then 50% DCM/EtOAc (8 L) containing increasingamounts of MeOH/Et₃N (beginning with 1.5% MeOH/1% Et₃N and ending with5% MeOH/3% Et₃N) gave 77.68 g of a viscous oil (purity 98.0%) whichimmediately crystallized upon swirling in heptane (300 mL). Filtration,washing with heptane and air drying gave 75.55 g (98.7% AUC) of solid 5.Additional pure 5 (total of 3.9 g, 98.6-99.3% AUC) was obtained fromearlier chromatographic fractions containing Ph₃P═O by cleaning them upas done for the above 34 g sample, followed by evaporativecrystallization. The total yield of 5 was 79.5 g (68%).

¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 2.59 (t, 4 H), 2.84 (t, 2 H), 3.75 (t, 4 H), 4.16 (t, 2H), 6.97 (dd, 1 H), 7.01 (d, 2 H), 7.46 (d, 2 H), 7.92 (ddd, 1 H), 8.37(fine d, 1 H). MS (from LC/MS): m/z 303.2 [M+1].

Preparation of2-(5-(4-(2-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)acetonitrile (6)

A 3 L three-necked round-bottomed flask was equipped with mechanicalstirrer, thermometer and adapter, additional funnel, and nitrogen inlet(on top of addition funnel, positive pressure through a bubbler). With arapid stream of nitrogen going through the bubbler, the stopper wasremoved and the flask was charged with KHMDS (415.8 g, 2.08 mol) andthen anhydrous THF (1 L). To the stirred and cooled (ice/methanol bath,internal temperature of solution was −8° C.) KHMDS/THF solution wasadded dropwise a solution of MeCN (70 g) in THF (110 mL) over a periodof 22 min followed immediately by the relatively rapid (4 min) additionof a solution of 5 (79.06 g, 0.262 mol) in THF (400 mL), after whichtime the internal temperature of the reaction mixture had reached 10° C.With continued cooling (1 h) the internal temperature was −6° C. and byTLC the reaction appeared complete. After an additional 30 min (internaltemperature of −3° C.), the reaction mixture was quenched with saturatedbrine (1 L) and diluted with EtOAc (500 mL). After removing the aqueouslayer, the organic solution was dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and evaporatedto dryness (to an oil) followed by completely dissolving in IPA (150mL), diluting with heptane (300 mL), adding seed crystals (prepared bydissolving ˜100 mg of crude oil in IPA (˜150 mg) and diluting withheptane (˜2.5 mL)), and allowing to stand overnight. After stirring tobreak up the crystalline solid, the solid was filtered, washed with 250mL 2:1 heptane/IPA and then multiple washes with heptane and air driedto give 64.38 g (yield of 76%) of title product 6 as a crystalline tansolid (LC purity of 99.3%). Another 5.88 g of less pure material wasobtained from the filtrate.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 2.59 (t, 4 H), 2.84 (t, 2 H), 3.74 (t, 4 H), 3.97 (s, 2H), 4.17 (t, 2 H), 7.02 (d, 2 H), 7.46 (d, 1 H), 7.51 (d, 2 H), 7.87(dd, 1 H), 8.77 (fine d, 1 H). MS (from LC/MS): m/z 324.4 [M+1].

Preparation of methyl2-(5-(4-(2-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)acetate (7)

A 2 L single-necked round-bottomed flask was charged with 6 (64.00 g,0.198 mol) and MeOH (360 g) followed by the slow, careful, and dropwiseaddition of H₂SO₄ (240 g) and the resulting homogeneous solution stirredat reflux (115° C. oil bath) until the reaction was complete (25 h with0.8% unreacted starting material) with 3.5% ArCH₂CO₂H. After briefcooling, MgSO₄ (75 g) was added and the mixture swirled and allowed tostand an additional 45 min (composition now 96.3% product, 0.8%unreacted starting material, and 2.5% ArCH₂CO₂H). The reaction mixturewas then added slowly to a rapidly stirred and cooled (ice-water bath)mixture of DCM (2 L) and a solution of K₂CO₃ (450 g) in H₂O (600 mL).The resulting emulsion was allowed to stand overnight. The clearportions of organic solution were siphoned off and the remainderportions were treated iteratively with water and DCM, the clear organicsbeing combined with the original portion that was siphoned off. Thecombined organics were dried (Na2SO4), filtered, and concentrated to avolume of 1.2 L followed by the addition of 300 mL of 5% EtOAc (inheptane) and then heptane (300 mL) and the mixture concentrated (rotovapwith heat) again to remove the DCM. At this point 15 mL EtOAc was addedand the hot mixture swirled until crystallization had begun, swirlingcontinued until crystallization was near complete, and then allowed tostand and cool to room temperature for complete crystallization. Thesolid was then filtered, washed with 300 mL 5% EtOAc (in heptane) andheptane (100 mL) and then fully air dried to give 57.74 g (yield of 82%)of 7 as a light yellow solid (98.9% AUC). Another 3.94 g of cleanproduct (97.9% AUC) was obtained from the filtrate (total yield of 87%).

¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 2.60 (t, 4 H), 2.84 (t, 2 H), 3.74 (overlapping t ands, 6 H), 3.89 (s, 2 H), 4.17 (t, 2 H), 7.01 (d, 2 H), 7.34 (d, 1 H),7.49 (d, 2 H), 7.80 (dd, 1 H), 8.74 (fine d, 1 H). MS (from LC/MS): m/z357.4 [M+1].

Preparation of2-(5-(4-(2-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)-N-benzylacetamide(KX2-391 free base)

A 1 L single-necked round-bottomed flask was charged with 7 (61.4 g,0.172 mol), benzyl amine (55.6 g, 0.519 mol, 3 eq), and anhydrousanisole (300 g) and then stirred at reflux until reaction wasessentially complete (23 h, 165° C. oil bath temperature; internaltemperature was 147° C.) and then allowed to cool to near roomtemperature. A portion (1 mL) of the reaction mixture was diluted withtoluene (1 mL) resulting in the complete crystallization of thatportion. This seed was then added to the reaction mixture and allowed tostand until the whole reaction mixture had crystallized to a singleblock. Toluene (150 mL) was added and the mixture swirled to break upthe solid. Heptane/toluene (1:1, 100 mL) was added and the solid mixturebroken up further. Finally, heptane (50 mL, then 25 mL) was added andthe mixture broken up even further, allowing to stand an additional 30min before filtering the solid. Filtration of the solid, washing with2:1 toluene/heptane (300 mL), 1:2 toluene/heptane (300 mL), and thenheptane (2×300 mL), and then drying (air, then high vac) gave 60.16 g(yield of 81%) of title product as a white solid (>98.9% AUC). Another2.5 g of less pure (97.4%) material was obtained from the motherliquors.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 2.60 (t, 4 H), 2.83 (t, 2 H), 3.74 (t, 4 H), 3.82 (s, 2H), 4.18 (t, 2 H), 4.49 (d, 2 H), 7.01 (d, 2 H), 7.2-7.35 (m, 6 H), 7.49(d, 2 H), 7.64 (br t, 1 H), 7.81 (dd, 1 H), 8.69 (fine d, 1 H). MS (fromLC/MS): m/z 432.5 [M+1].

Preparation of4-(2-(4-(6-(2-(benzylamino)-2-oxoethyl)pyridinium-3-yl)phenoxy)ethyl)-morpholin-4-iumchloride (KX2-391, diHCl Salt)

To a stirred suspension of KX2-391 (free base, 60.00 g) in absolute EtOH(600 mL) was added 170 mL of 2.5 M HCl (in ethanol), 25 mL EtOH beingadded to wash down the sides of the flask. The resulting homogeneoussolution was stirred at room temperature (20 min) and then evaporated tonear dryness (to frothing). After chasing with EtOH (2×150 mL), theresidue was taken up again in EtOH (150 mL) and then was followed by theslow addition of heptane until the mixture appeared saturated (33 mLrequired for cloudiness to remain). After sitting overnight, two layershad formed. After adding additional heptane (250 mL) crystallizationstill could not be induced and so the reaction mixture was concentratedto a volume of ˜200 mL at which time the mixture was homogeneous. Thisthick homogeneous solution was added dropwise to very rapidly stirred(mechanical) EtOAc (2 L). After the addition was complete, a 25 mL EtOHrinse of the original flask and addition funnel was added to the rapidlystirred mixture. The rapid stirring was continued for another ˜1 h andthen the mixture was filtered and the solid (partly gummy) was washedwith EtOAc (300 mL) and then heptane. As soon as the heptane wash began,the solid got much gummier. The fritted Buchner funnel and its contentswere covered (paper towel/rubber band) and immediately placed in thevacuum oven. After overnight vacuum at ˜45° C., the vacuum was releasedunder nitrogen, and the Buchner funnel containing the product (foamysolid) was immediately placed in a zip-lock back and then, undernitrogen (glove bag), transferred to a bottle and the foamy solid brokenup (spatula) to a powder. A second night under high vacuum (˜45° C.)resulted in only 1.3 g of additional weight loss. Constant weight wasessentially attained with the third night of high vacuum (˜45° C.) whereonly 0.2 g of weight was lost. The final weight of material was 68.05 g(yield of 97%), containing 0.29 eq (4.8% w/w) of EtOAc, 0.035 eq (0.3%w/w) EtOH, and 0.03 eq (0.6% w/w) heptane. The purity was 99.6%.

¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 3.1-3.3 (m, 2 H), 3.45-3.65 (m, 4 H), 3.8-4.0 (m, 4H), 4.11 (s, 2 H), 4.32 (d, 2 H), 4.57 (t, 2 H), 7.19 (d, 2 H), 7.2-7.4(m, 5 H), 7.88 (d, 2 H), 7.93 (d, 1 H), 8.68 (dd, 1 H), 8.99 (br t, 1H), 9.10 (fine d, 1 H), 11.8 (br s, 1 H). MS (from LC/MS): m/z 432.5[M+1 of free base].

Elemental analysis (for C₂₆H₂₉N₃O₃.2 HCl.0.035 EtOH.0.29.EtOAc.0.03heptane.0.8 H₂O):

Calculated (%): C, 60.03; H, 6.54; N, 7.65; Cl, 12.91

Observed (%):C, 59.85/59.97; H, 6.54/6.47; N, 7.67/7.67; Cl, 13.10/13.24

Calculated FW: 534.63 (does not take into account the 0.8 H₂O whichprobably arose during handling of this very hygroscopic powder, since ¹HNMR shows no evidence for H₂O).

The ethyl chloride level in this material was measured and found to be98 ppm. The sample was also analyzed and found to contain 5,800 ppm ofheptane.

Analysis of another portion of this sample yielded the followingresults: 99.6% AUC, 1640 ppm ethanol, 41,480 ppm ethyl acetate, 5600 ppmheptane, no anisole detected, and 120 ppm ethyl chloride.

A procedure for recrystallizing the salt was also developed using theabove dried salt. This procedure would work just was well on the highlypure crude salt (containing residual EtOH) obtained from concentratingthe HCl salt-forming reaction mixture:

The salt (575 mg) was dissolved in twice the mass of absolute EtOH(1.157 g) and then heated under nitrogen. To this hot solution (stirred)was added 1.6 g of 25% EtOH (in EtOAc) followed by the addition of EtOAc(0.25 mL) resulting in a cloudiness that remained. The cloudy hotsolution was allowed to cool to room temperature during which timecrystallization occurred. After crystallization was complete (2 h), thecrystalline solid was filtered, washed with anhydrous EtOAc (˜40 mL),and vacuum dried to give 424 mg of the dihydrochloride salt of KX2-391as a free-flowing solid (tiny beads, 99.8% AUC) containing only 0.05 eq(0.45% w/w) of EtOH and 0.015 eq (0.26% w/w) of EtOAc. Slightly betterrecovery (460 mg from 586 mg) was attained using isopropanol/EtOAc butthe level of solvent entrapment was higher [0.085 eq (1.0% w/w) ofisopropanol and 0.023 eq (0.4% w/w) of EtOAc].

Example 3 Large Scale Synthesis of KX2-391 di-HCl

Reagents and solvents were used as received from commercial suppliers.Progress of the reactions was monitored by HPLC, GC/MS, or ¹H NMR.Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) was performed using Analtech silica gelplates and visualized by UV light (254 nm). High pressure liquidchromatography (HPLC) was performed on an Agilent 1100 Seriesinstruments. Proton and carbon nuclear magnetic resonance spectra wereobtained using a Bruker AV 300 at 300 MHz for proton and 75 MHz forcarbon. The solvent peak was used as the reference peak for proton andcarbon spectra.

Preparation of 4-(2-(4-Bromophenoxy)ethyl)morpholine (2)

A 50 L jacketed reactor equipped with a reflux condenser and temperatureprobe was charged with 4-(3-chloropropyl)morpholine (2.44 kg, 0.54 mol),4-bromophenol (2.27 kg, 0.54 mol, 1.0 equiv.), powdered potassiumcarbonate (6.331 kg, 1.88 mol, 3.50 equiv.), and DMF (12.2 L) andstirred. The reaction mixture was then heated to 60-65° C. and stirredovernight. After 17.5 h, the reaction mixture was cooled to 20-25° C.The reaction mixture was charged to a different reactor equipped withbottom valve for the work-up. While maintaining a temperature between20-30° C, DI water (48.7 L) was charged to the reactor. The phases wereseparated. The aqueous layer was extracted with MTBE (3×24.4 L). To thecombined organics, DI water (18.3 L) and then 6M sodium hydroxide (18.2L) were added. The mixture was stirred for 2-5 minutes and the phaseswere separated. The organic phase was washed with water (24.4 L) andbrine (24.4 L), dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered, and concentratedto give 3370 g of a yellow oil (89% crude yield, 99.4% AUC by HPLC).

Preparation of 6-fluoropyridin-3-ylboronic acid (4)

A 72 L reactor equipped with reflux condenser, and temperature probe. Tothe reactor 5-bromo-2-fluoropyridine (1.17 L, 0.568 mol), toluene (18.2L), and triisopropyl borate (3.13 L, 0.68 mol, 1.2 equiv.) were chargedand stirred. Tetrahydrofuran (4.4 L) was added to the reactor and thereaction mixture was cooled to between −35 to −50° C. While maintaininga temperature between −35 to −45° C., n-butyl lithium (2.5 M solution ofhexanes, 5.44 L, 0.68 mol, 1.2 equiv.) was cautiously added to thereactor. After 5 h, the reaction was deemed complete and the reactionmixture was warmed to between −15 to −20° C. To the reaction was added2M HCl (11.80L) to the reactor while maintaining a temperature between−15° C. and 0° C. The reaction mixture was stirred at 18 to 23° C. for(16 h) and the phases were separated. The organics were then extractedwith 6 M sodium hydroxide (6.0 L). The acidic anbasic aqueous phaseswere mixed in the reactor and 6 M HCl (2.5 L) was added until pH 7.5 wasachieved. Sodium chloride (6.0 kg) was then added to the aqueous phase.The aqueous phase was then extracted with THF (3×20 L). The combinedorganics were dried with magnesium sulfate and concentrated to give 1300g of a tan solid (81% crude yield).

Preparation of 4-(2-(4-(6-fluoropyridin-3-yl)phenoxy)ethyl)morpholine(5)

A 72 L reactor equipped with reflux condenser, sparging tube, bubbler,and temperature probe was charged with 6-fluoropyridin-3-ylboric acid(2.84 kg, 1.24 equiv.), 4-(2-(4-bromophenoxy)ethyl)morpholine (4.27 kg,1.0 equiv.), and DME (27 L). Agitation was started and sodium carbonate(4.74 kg, 3.0 equiv.) as a solution in DI water (17.1 L) was thencharged to the reaction mixture. Argon was bubbled through the reactionmixture for 50 minutes. Under an argon atmosphere,tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (750 g, 0.04 equiv.) was added tothe reaction mixture as a slurry in DME (1.0 L). The reaction mixturewas heated to 75-85° C. and stirred overnight (17 h). The reactionmixture was cooled to between 18-22° C. DI water (26.681 kg) and MTBE(26.681 L) were charged to the reactor and stirred for 5 minutes. Thephases were separated and the aqueous phase was extracted with MTBE(2×26.7 L). The combined organics were extracted with 2M HCl (1×15.0 L,3×21.8 L). The aqueous phase was then charged back to the reactor andethyl acetate was added (26.7 L). The pH was adjusted to 6.2 using 6 Msodium hydroxide (26.7 L) while maintaining a temperature between 15-25°C. The phases were separated and the aqueous phase was extracted withethyl acetate (2×26.7 L). The combined organics were dried withmagnesium sulfate and concentrated to give 4555 g of a residue (101%crude yield, 67.1% AUC by HPLC).

Purification of 4-(2-(4-(6-fluoropyridin-3-yl)phenoxy)ethyl)morpholine(5)

The crude product (575 g) was purified by silica gel chromatography byeluting with methanol/ethyl acetate/heptane (30% ethyl acetate/heptane,50% ethyl acetate/heptane, 75% ethyl acetate/heptane, 100% ethylacetate, and 5% methanol/ethyl acetate). Concentration of the purefractions by TLC (10% methanol/dichloromethane, R_(f)=0.3) provided 420g of a light brown solid (73% recovery, >99.9% AUC by HPLC).

Preparation of2-(5-(4-(2-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)acetonitrile (6)

A 1 M solution of NaHMDS (2.0 L, 5.0 equiv.) in THF was charged to a 5-Lflask and cooled to −20 to −15° C. While maintaining a temperature below−10° C., fluoride (119.7 g, 1.0 equiv.) in THF (500 mL) was charged tothe flask over 20 minutes. Acetonitrile (82.5 mL, 4.0 equiv.) in THF(170 mL) was added to the flask over 20 minutes, while maintaining atemperature below −10° C. The reaction mixture was then stirred for 1 h.To the reaction was added brine (1.5 L, 12.6 vol.) at a rate as tomaintain a temperature below 10° C. The solution was then warmed to roomtemperature and the layers were allowed to separate. The mixture wasfiltered over Celite and washed with THF (1×200 mL, 1×100 mL). Theaqueous phase was extracted with toluene (750 mL). The combined organicswere dried with magnesium sulfate, filtered, washed with toluene (2×250mL), and concentrated to dryness. Toluene (1L) was added and thesolution was concentrated to dryness again to give 169.8 g of an oil.MTBE (1190 mL, 7 vol.) was added to the oil at 50° C. and stirred for 15minutes. Heptane (850 mL, 5 vol.) was added over ten minutes at 50° C.The mixture was then cooled to room temperature over 1.5 h and stirredfor 2 h. The slurry was filtered, washed with 1:4 MBTE/heptane (2×100mL), and dried in an oven overnight at 45° C. to give 102.3 g of anoff-white solid (80% yield, 98.8% AUC by HPLC).

Preparation of methyl2-(5-(4-(2-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)acetate (7)

Nitrile 6 (101 g) and methanol (1.01 L, 10 vol.) were charged to a 3-Lflask equipped with stir bar and thermocouple. Concentrated H₂SO₄ (175mL, 10.0 equiv.) was added drop wise to the solution over 15 minuteswhile maintaining a temperature below 60° C. Followed by 30% fumingsulfuric acid (124 mL) was added drop wise to the solution whilemaintaining a temperature below 60° C. The solution was then heated toreflux with a heating mantle and stirred overnight. When the reactionwas deemed complete, it was cooled to 20° C. In a second flask (22 L),saturated sodium bicarbonate (10.7 L) and dichloromethane (1.1 L) werecharged and cooled to 15° C. While maintaining a temperature below 20°C., the reaction mixture was added to the sodiumbicarbonate/dichloromethane mixture. The quench was stirred for 15minutes and the phases were separated. The aqueous phase was extractedwith dichloromethane (1×550mL, 1×300 mL). The combined organics weredried with magnesium sulfate and concentrated to dryness to give 105 gof an orange solid (94% crude yield, 97.7% AUC by HPLC).

Preparation of2-(5-(4-(2-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)-N-benzylacetamide(KX2-391)

Ester7 (103 g), anisole (513 mL, 5 vol.), and benzylamine (94 mL, 3.0equiv.) were charged to a 3 L flask equipped with thermocouple andoverhead stirrer. The reaction mixture was then heated to 142° C. andstirred for two days. The reaction mixture was cooled to 45-50° C. andstirred for 2 hours. To the mixture was added n-heptane (1.5 L) dropwiseover an hour. The solution was cooled to room temperature over threehours and then stirred overnight. The resulting slurry was filtered,washed with 4:1 Anisole/n-heptane (200 mL) and n-heptane (3 x 100 mL).Drying in the oven overnight, the resulting product was 1 12.1 g of atan solid (90% yield, 99.6% AUC by HPLC). The use of a single isomer ofheptane was essential to adequately quantitate the residual solvent. SeeFIG. 5 for ¹H NMR of KX2-391.

Preparation of2-(5-(4-(2-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)-N-benzylacetamidedihydrochloride salt (KX2-391•2HCl)

EtOH (1.0 L) was charged to a 2-L flask and acetyl chloride (62.5 mL,3.0 equiv.) was added slowly to the flask and stirred for 40 minutes.The resulting solution was added to KX2-391 (100 g) over 30 minuteswhile maintaining a temperature of 30° C. The solution was concentratedto a mass of 270 g. The concentrated solution was added to ethyl acetate(2 L) over 20 minutes with rapid stirring. The mixture was stirredovernight and then filtered under nitrogen to give two distinct solidproducts, tan solids (73.5 g) and darker solids (42.2 g). The solidswere dry blended to give a combined yield of 99%. The HPLC analysisindicated 99.0% purity (AUC). Analysis indicated that ethanol waspresent at 2530 ppm, ethyl acetate at 48,110 ppm, ethyl chloride at 170ppm, and no heptane and anisole were detected. Palladium content wasassayed three times and measured to be 29 ppm, 2 ppm, and less than 1ppm.

Crystallization Study of KX2-391•2HCl

The experiments shown in Table 1 were conducted to explore differentcrystallization and precipitation conditions of KX2-391•2HCl.

TABLE 1 Crystallization Study of KX2-391 2HCl Crystallization ConditionsSalt Formation Conditions Nice Amide Solvent EtOAc Temp Solids Expt (g)Lot Solvent Acid (vol) Lot (vol) (C.) (y/n) Comments 02BP097A 0.102BP090D IPA IPA- IPA — 10 60 N Gummy (off- HCl (10) solids/ white) (5M)slurry formed as EtOAc added 02BP097B 0.1 02BP091E IPA IPA- IPA — — 60 NGummed (white) HCl (10) out w/ (5M) cooling 02BP097C 0.1 02BP091E IPAIPA- IPA — 6 65 N Dried w/ (white) HCl (15) EtOAc (5M) first; productoiled out w/ cooling 02BP097D 0.1 02BP091E — IPA- EtOAc/ — — 60 NIPA-HCl (white) HCl IPA added to (5M) amide solution; gummed out duringaddition (2 drops) 02BP097E 0.3 02BP090D EtOH IPA- EtOH Acros 6.3 30-60Y Solids (off- HCl (3.3) observed at white) (5M) 30° C. after EtOAcadded; slow filtering 02BP097F 0.3 02BP093G EtOH IPA- EtOH Acros 6.6 60Y Solids (tan HCl (3.3) observed solid) (5M) during cooling after EtOAcadded; slow filtering 02BP097G 0.3 02BP093G PrOH IPA- PrOH — 1.7 60 YSolids (tan HCl (3.3) observed solid) (5M) during cooling after EtOAcadded; slow filtering 02BP097H 0.3 02BP093G BuOH IPA- BuOH — 1.2 60 YSolids (tan HCl (5) observed solid) (5M) during cooling after EtOAcadded; very slow filtering 02BP098 1.0 02BP093G EtOH IPA- EtOH Ald 4-660 N Cloudiness A, B, C (tan HCl (3.3) observed solid) (5M) earlier thanexpected; oiled out 02BP098D 1.0 02BP093G EtOH EtOH—HCl EtOH Ald 4.6 60N Oiled out (tan (2.5 (3.3) upon solid) M) cooling 02BP098E 0.3 02BP090DEtOH EtOH—HCl EtOH Ald 5.3 60 N Oiled out (off- (2.5 (3.3) from white)M) EtOAc addition 02BP098F 0.3 02BP091E EtOH IPA- EtOH Acros 6 60 NOiled out (white) HCl (3.3) upon (5M) addition of EtOAc 02BP098G 0.302BP091E PrOH IPA- PrOH — 4 60 N Oiled out (white) HCl (3.3) w/ cooling(5M)

Precipitation was achieved by an inverse addition of KX2-391•2HCl in aconcentrated solution of ethanol to a large volume of rapidly stirringethyl acetate. This precipitation procedure was implemented for thedemonstration batch resulting in the formation of two distinct solidtypes. The two distinct solid types were physically separated andfiltered separately. A less dense tan solid (lot 02BP111E, 74 g, 99.1%AUC by HPLC) was filtered first followed by a denser darker solid (lot02BP111F, 43 g, 99.1% AUC by HPLC). After drying in a vacuum oven andbefore blending the two solids a sample of each was retained foranalysis. The data of interest is the Differential Scanning Calorimetry(DSC, FIGS. 1 and 2) and X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRPD, FIGS. 3 and 4).The HPLC data for the two samples were comparable while the DSC and XRPDwere different.

Both of the HPLC preparations were greater than 99.0% pure (by area %),the lot 02BP111E sample showed a single endothermic event atapproximately 198° C. while the lot 02BP111F sample showed twoendothermic events at 117° C. and 189° C. The XRPD data for the twosamples were also different the lot 02BP111E sample seemed crystallinewhile the lot 02BP111F sample appeared to be amorphous. The HPLC data,the XRPD data and the DSC data support that the two samples aredifferent forms of the same material.

The two lots of KX2-391•2HCl (lot 02BP111E and 02BP111F) were dryblended resulting in a new lot of KX2-391•2HCl (lot 02BP111G).KX2-391•2HCl (lot 02BP111G) contained 170 ppm of ethyl chloride.

Example 4 Preparation of2-(5-(4-(2-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)-N-benzylacetamidemesylate (KX2-391•MSA). Preparation of2-(5-(4-(2-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)acetonitrile (6)

To round bottom reactor 1 was charged sodium bis(trimethyldisilyl)amide(1.0 M in THF, 23.2 L) and the solution cooled to <−10° C. over 52minutes. To a glass carboy, under nitrogen, was charged compound 5 (1400g, 1 wt) and THF (7.0 L, anhydrous, 5 vol)). The batch was stirred withan air powered stirrer under nitrogen. The batch was not completelysoluble and was a hazy solution. The solution of compound 5 was added toreactor 1 over 41 minutes via a 5-L addition funnel. A solution ofacetonitrile (965 mL, anhydrous, 0.69 vol) in THF (2.0 L, anhydrous,1.43 vol) was prepared and added to reactor 1 over 48 minutes at <−10°C. via the same addition funnel (a minor amount of a yellow solid waspresent on the reactor wall). After aging for 45 minutes at <−10° C. thebatch was sampled for analysis and compound 5 was 0.03% by conversion(specification <1.5% by conversion). One hour 24 minutes after sampling,brine (17.6 L, 12.6 vol) was added to reactor 1 over 52 minutes and gavea poorly stirring batch (resembled an emulsion). A pad of diatomaceousearth was prepared on a 24-inch polypropylene funnel (1026 g Celite 545slurried in 3.3 L water with the filtrate discarded). The batch wasfiltered under suction via the pad and the reactor rinsed with THF (1.75L, 1.25 vol) and the rinse transferred to the cake. The cake was rinsedwith a second portion of THF (1.75 L, 1.25 vol) and the total filtrationtime was 1 hour 17 minutes. The filtrate was transferred to reactor 2and the phases separated and held overnight (the batch was held in thereactor under nitrogen). The organic phase (approximately 34.5 L) wasdrained and the aqueous phase extracted with toluene (8.1 L, 5.8 vol),stirring for 16 minutes and settling over 12 minutes. It is possible toomit the toluene extraction and simply add toluene directly to theorganic phase after separation. The aqueous phase (approximately 19 L)was removed and the organic phases combined and dried in reactor 2 withmagnesium sulfate (1400 g, 1 wt, anhydrous) over 55 minutes. The batchwas filtered via a 24-inch polypropylene funnel equipped with an inlinefilter into a glass carboy. The batch was blanketed with argon andstored in the cold room (2-8° C.) pending concentration. The followingday, the batch was concentrated to a residue and rinsed with toluene(11.8 L, 8.4 vol), which in turn was concentrated (water bath 50±5° C.).At the point of the toluene addition, the batch was an orange slurry andremained so after concentration. The total concentration time was 5hours 3 minutes.

To reactor 3 was charged MTBE (13.9 L, 9.9 vol, ACS) which was thenheated to 45±5° C. The MTBE was drained and approximately 2 L of MTBEwas used to slurry the batch from the bulb into reactor 3. The remainingMTBE was added to reactor 3 maintaining the batch at 45±5° C. and thebatch then aged for 33 minutes in this temperature range. n-Heptane (10L, 7.1 vol, 99%) was then added to reactor 3 over 39 minutes maintainingthe batch at 45±5° C. The heat source was disconnected the batch wascooled to 25±5° C. over 4 hours 5 minutes and aged at that temperaturerange for 27 hours 4 minutes. The batch was then filtered under suctionvia a 24-inch polypropylene funnel (PTFE cloth), covered and sucked dryunder nitrogen. The total filtration time was 20 minutes. The orangebatch (net wet weight 1322 g) was dried to constant weight over 48 hours3 minutes in a vacuum oven set at 45±5° C. The batch was transferred totwo 80 oz amber glass jars (Teflon lined closure) and blanketed withargon (1217 g of 6, 81% oftheory).

Preparation of methyl2-(5-(4-(2-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)acetate (7)

To a 22-L reactor was charged compound 6 (900 g, 2.78 mol) and methanol(9.0 L, 10 vol, anhydrous). Sulfuric acid (1115 mL, fuming) was added tothe suspension over 2 hours 11 minutes to give a dark solution. Themaximum temperature was 65.5° C. (target <65° C.). Sulfuric acid (1565mL, 1.74 vol, concentrated) was added to the batch over 1 hour 49minutes and the batch then heated to visible reflux (74° C.) over 18minutes. The batch was maintained at that temperature for 16 hours 57minutes. The visible gentle reflux was noted to be absent, so the batchwas then heated again to reflux at 79-80° C. over 2 hours 15 minutes.The batch was maintained at that temperature (80±5° C.) for 10 hours 57minutes and the heat source then disconnected; an additional charge ofmethanol (0.75 L, 0.8 vol, anhydrous) was performed after 26 hours 4minutes to replenish the lost solvent volume. It was estimated that2.5-3.3 L of solvent was lost by evaporation. HPLC analysis after 42hours 31 minutes from reflux indicated that the level of compound 6 was0.6% by conversion (specification ≦1.0%). To each of reactor 1 and 2 wascharged methylene chloride (4.8 L, 5.3 vol) and sodium hydrogencarbonate solution (48 L, 53.3 vol, saturated). The sodium hydrogencarbonate solutions were stored overnight at 2-8° C. and removed thenext morning. Half the batch from the 22-L reactor was added in portionsto each reactor over 47 and 44 minutes respectively (batch temperaturewas 12-13 and 14-15° C., respectively). The quench was accompanied byevolution of carbon dioxide (vigorous at the vortex). The batches fromeach reactor were then transferred to a 200-L reactor and the batchstirred for 16 minutes, then settled over 25 minutes and the organicphase separated. The aqueous phase was extracted successively with twoportions of methylene chloride (5 L, 5.6 vol and 2.7 L, 3 vol); eachextraction took place over 15 minutes stirring with settling over 6 and9 minutes respectively. The combined organic phase was transferred toreactor 3 and dried with magnesium sulfate (900 g, 1 wt, anhydrous) over35 minutes. The batch was then filtered under suction via a 24-inchpolypropylene funnel fitted with Sharkskin cloth and equipped with aninline filter (10 micron, Pall P/N 12077). The filtrate was concentratedon a rotary evaporator over a total of 2 hours 18 minutes at 40±5° C.(water bath temperature). After 54 minutes the batch solidified andformed balls. These were broken up and concentration continued. Thebatch (a mixture of fine solids and brittle chunks) was then furtherground and returned to the bulb and concentration continued. The batchwas transferred to an 80-oz amber jar with a Teflon lined lid andblanketed with argon to give compound 7 (871 g, 88% of theory).

Preparation of2-(5-(4-(2-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)-N-benzylacetamide(KX2-391)

To a 22-L reactor was charged compound 7 (650 g, 1.82 mol), anisole(3.25 L, 5 vol, anhydrous) and benzylamine (600 mL, 0.92 vol, 3 equiv).The batch (approximately 18° C.) was heated to 142±5° C. over 1 hour 44minutes, with dissolution occurring at 30° C. The batch was maintainedat 142±5° C. for 69 hours 30 minutes at which point HPLC analysisindicated that compound 7 was 0.9% by conversion (specification ≦1.7% byconversion). The batch was cooled to 45-50° C. over 5 hours 12 minutes(to aid cooling the nitrogen flow was increased once the batch wasapproximately 72° C.). At that temperature range, the batch was poorlystirring and on mixing, the batch temperature increased to 52° C. Itwas >50° C. for ≦15 minutes. The batch was aged for 2 hours 2 minutesonce initially <50° C., then n-heptane (9.75 L, 15 vol, 99%) was addedto the batch over 1 hour 56 minutes, maintaining the batch temperatureat 45-50° C. The heating was then discontinued and the batch cooled to25° C. over 10 hours 32 minutes and then to approximately 20° C. over 20minutes. The total time the batch was maintained ≦25° C. was 4 hours 50minutes (2 hours 47 minutes at approximately 20° C.). The batch wasfiltered under suction via a 24-inch polypropylene filter funnel (fittedwith a PTFE cloth) and the reactor rinsed with anisole/n-heptane (1.3 L,4:1) and the rinse transferred to the cake. The cake was then washedsuccessively with two portions of n-heptane (1.3 L, 0.65 L). The totalfiltration time was 39 minutes. The batch (net wet weight 1004 g ofKX2•391) was transferred to three glass trays and placed into a vacuumoven set at 50° C. and dried to constant weight over 96 hours 26minutes.

Preparation of2-(5-(4-(2-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)-N-benzylacetamidemesylate (KX2-391•MSA)

KX2-391 (520 g, 1.21 mol) was transferred to reactor 1 using acetone(41.6 vol, 80 vol, ACS) to facilitate the transfer. The batch was heatedto 50±5° C. over 33 minutes with dissolution occurring at 30° C. Thebatch was clarified into a second reactor via a transfer pump fittedwith an inline filter (Pall P/N 12077, 10 micron) and reheated from 46°C. to 50±5° C. Methanesulfonic acid (121.4 g, 1.05 equiv, 99% extrapure) was added to the pale yellow batch over 12 minutes and the heatingthen discontinued. After fourteen minutes, white solids were observed,which increased in number to give after 59 minutes a white suspension.The batch was in the range of 25±5° C. after 7 hours 51 minutes and agedfor a further 19 hours 21 minutes (10 hours 30 minutes at ≦27° C.). Thebatch was filtered under suction via a 24-inch polypropylene filter(PTFE cloth) and the reactor rinsed with acetone (2.0 L, clarified, ACS)and the rinse transferred to the cake. The cake was covered with astainless steel cover and sucked dry under a flow of nitrogen. The totalfiltration time was 21 minutes. The batch (net wet weight 764 g) wastransferred to three glass drying trays and dried in a vacuum oven toconstant weight at 25±5° C. over 21 hours 54 minutes (565 g, 89% oftheory). A sample was removed for analysis and the batch maintained invacuo at 25±5° C. The batch was then transferred to two 80-oz amberglass bottles (Teflon lined polypropylene closure), blanketed with argonand stored at −10 to −20° C.

Example 5 X-Ray Powder Diffraction Analysis of KX2-391•MSA, Form A

X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) analysis was performed using a ShimadzuXRD-6000 diffractometer on KX2-391•MSA, Form A obtained accordance withthe process of the present invention (Example 4). The diffractometer wasequipped with a Cu Kα X-ray tube operated at 40 kV, 40 mA. Samples wereplaced on a Si zero-return ultra-micro sample holders. The divergenceslit was set at 1.00 degrees, scatter Slit was at 1.00 degrees andreceiving slit was at 0.30 mm. The scan range was 3.0-45.0 degrees incontinuous scan mode with a step size of 0.04 degrees and a scan Rate2°/min. FIG. 7 depicts the X-ray diffractogram for KX2-391•MSA, Form A.The corresponding data for X-ray diffractograms is presented in Table 2.

TABLE 2 XRPD of KX2-391•MSA, Form A Integrated peak 2Theta d FWHMIntensity Int no. no. (deg) (A) I/II (deg) (Counts) (Counts) # Strongest3 peaks 1 11 22.7377 3.90769 100 0.29390 2624 20079 2 3 16.3047 5.4320862 0.29020 1623 13145 3 6 19.6782 4.50779 60 0.29280 1563 13084 # PeakData List 1 13.0767 6.76484 10 0.29390 260 2343 2 15.6073 5.67320 70.29270 191 1749 3 16.3047 5.43208 62 0.29020 1623 13145 4 17.54385.05111 18 0.28760 467 4096 5 18.9449 4.68059 48 0.30900 1259 12580 619.6782 4.50779 60 0.29280 1563 13084 7 20.0800 4.41849 11 0.15360 2982037 8 20.9600 4.23492 3 0.24000 87 682 9 21.4163 4.14571 8 0.30340 2071843 10 22.2800 3.98692 14 0.35400 375 4393 11 22.7377 3.90769 1000.29390 2624 20079 12 23.5116 3.78078 10 0.35120 260 2664 13 24.64293.60972 4 0.24270 108 641 14 25.2400 3.52566 4 0.28180 92 706 15 25.72003.46094 7 0.47700 190 1954 16 26.1200 3.40884 12 0.32600 321 2629 1726.4400 3.36830 21 0.30440 557 4954 18 26.8000 3.32387 9 0.00000 229 019 27.1200 3.28537 7 0.37760 185 2917 20 29.6287 3.01266 3 0.28250 84986

Example 6 Differential Scanning Calorimetric Analysis of KX2-391•MSA,Form A

Differential Scanning Calorimetric (DSC) analysis was performed using aMettler 822^(e) DSC instrument on KX2-391•MSA, Form A obtained inaccordance with the process of the present invention (Example 4).Samples were weighed in an aluminum pan, covered with a pierced lid, andthen crimped. Analysis started at 30° C. to 300-350° C. ramped at 10°C./minute. A single endothermic event was recorded at 164° C. by DSC.FIG. 8 depicts the DSC thermogram for KX2-391•MSA, Form A.

Example 7 Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) of KX2-391•MSA, Form A

Thermal Gravimetric Analysis was performed using a Mettler 851^(e)SDTA/TGA instrument on KX2-391•MSA, Form A obtained in accordance withthe process of the present invention (Example 4). Samples were weighedin an alumina crucible and analyzed from 30° C. to 230° C. and a ramprate of 10° C./minute. No weight loss was observed by TGA below 230° C.FIG. 9 depicts the TGA chromatogram for KX2-391•MSA, Form A.

Example 8 Moisture-Sorption Analysis and Humidity Chamber Studies ofKX2-391•MSA

Moisture-sorption experiments were performed using a Hiden IGAsorpMoisture Sorption instrument on KX2-391•MSA obtained in accordance withthe process of the present invention (Example 4). First, the sample wasdried at 0% Relative Humidity (RH) and 25° C. until an equilibriumweight was reached or for a maximum of four hours. The sample was thensubjected to an isothermal (25° C.) adsorption scan from 10 to 90% RH insteps of 10%. The sample was allowed to equilibrate to an asymptoticweight at each point for a maximum of four hours. Following adsorption,a desorption scan from 85 to 0% RH (at 25° C.) was run in steps of −10%again allowing a maximum of four hours for equilibration to anasymptotic weight. The sample was then dried for one hour at 80° C. andthe resulting solid analyzed by XRPD. In one aspect, moisture sorptionanalysis showed the sample KX2-391•MSA to be slightly-hygroscopic,absorbing 1.1 wt % water at 60% RH and 5.7 wt % water at 90% RH. Thematerial resulting from the moisture sorption experiment was found toafford an XRPD pattern consistent with the starting form. FIG. 10depicts percent change of water content as a function of relativehumidity for KX2-391•MSA, Form A.

Further characterization of the hygroscopicity of the mesylate salt wasperformed using several humidity chambers to cover a range of humidityfrom 75, 88 to 95% RH. The 75, 88, and 95% RH chambers were preparedwith NaCl, BaCl₂.2H₂O, and Na₂HPO₄.12H₂O respectively and wereequilibrated for 48 hours prior to introducing the samples. Samples wereplaced into aluminum pans and monitored by visual inspection for up tofive days. Table 3 summarizes the observations at 0, 3, 5, 24, 48, 72,96 and 120 hour time points. The mesylate salt was stable at 75% RH asthe material did not deliquesce nor demonstrate decomposition by HPLCanalysis. The material exposed to 88% RH conditions demonstrated adarker color yellow and degradation of roughly 10% area by HPLC. The 95%RH conditions were observed to deliquesce within three hours of exposureto high humidity.

TABLE 3 Summary of hygroscopicity study of KX2-391-MSA, Form A at 75, 88and 95% Relative Humidity (RH) Humidity Chamber** Observations/Time (hr)HPLC Assay Sample Lot (% RH/Salt) 0 3 5 24 48 72 96 120 XRPD* (% AreaPurity) GJP-S-17(1) Initial NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Consistent 99.475%-NaCl FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF Consistent 99.4 88%-BaCl₂•2H₂O FF CC CCCC CC CC CC CC Consistent 89.3 95%-NA₂HPO₄•12H₂O FF D D D D D D D NA NAFF - Free flowing powder D - Complete deliquescence of sample observedCC - Colour change of sample observed NA - Sample not analyzed *Samplecompared with XRPD pattern of sponsor lot **Relative humidity based onliterature values for salt solutions at 25-25° C.

Example 9 Stability Studies of KX2-391•MSA, Form A

Stability studies were performed on KX2-391•MSA obtained in accordancewith the process of the present invention (Example 4) using theconditions listed in Table 4 to determine the effects of exposure toelevated temperature and/or relative humidity on the crystalline form ofKX2-391•MSA, Form A. After 2 weeks, the samples were analyzed by XRPDand HPLC to determine if any form change or degradation had occurred.Results are shown in Table 5. Samples JSS-T-99 (6), (7), (8), (9), and(11) were observed to afford the same crystalline form by XRPD and HPLCdid not show significant degradation. The material, JSS-T-99 (10),stored at 95% RH was observed to deliquesce under those conditions inless than 16 hours. The results showed KX2-391•MSA, Form A to be astable crystalline form after exposure to the accelerated stabilityconditions utilized.

TABLE 4 60° C./ambient humidity, oven 51% RH, saturated salt chamber[Ca(NO3)2•4H2O] 75% RH, saturated salt chamber [NaCl] 88% RH, saturatedsalt chamber [BaCl2•2H2O] 95% RH, saturated salt chamber [Na2HPO4•12H2O]40° C./75% RH, accelerated stability chamber

TABLE 5 Stability Studies KX2-391-MSA Amt Exposure Initial Form FormAfter 2 Weeks HPLC Purity NB Code (mg) Condition (XRPD) (XRPD) (AUC)JSS-T-99(6) 17.9 60° C. Form A Form A >99% JSS-T-99(7) 3.619 51% RH FormA >99% JSS-T-99(8) 4.125 75% RH Form A >99% JSS-T-99(9) 3.997 88% RHForm A >99% JSS-T-99(10) 5.756 95% RH Deliquesced <16 hrs NAJSS-T-99(11) 59.2 40° C./75% Form A >99%

Example 10 High Performance Liquid Chromatography of KX2-391•MSA, Form A

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) was performed using aWaters Alliance HPLC system on KX2-391•MSA, Form A obtained inaccordance with the process of the present invention (Example 4). TheHPLC system was equipped with a UV detector, gradient capabilities, andelectronic data collection and processing, or equivalent, auto samplercapable of 10 μL injection, analytical column Thermo Hypersil Gold,4.6×150 mm, 3.0 μm, P/N 25003-154630, Analytical balance capable ofweighing to ±0.01 mg, class A volumetric pipettes and flasks.

The column used for analyses was Thermo Hypersil Gold, 4.6×150 mm, 3.0μm and the column and auto-sampler temperature was ambient. Detection ofeluted compound occurred at 248 nm (KX2-391 was detected at 248 nm) and210 nm (benzylamine was detected at 210 nm). Mobile phase A was 0.05%TFA in Water and Mobile Phase B was 0.05% TFA in acetonitrile with aflow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The elution gradient is depicted in Table 6. Aninjection volume of 10 μL was used for all samples with an analysis timeof 30 min. Re-equilibration Time and Data Collection Time were 8 min and22 min, respectively. Needle Wash upon run completion was completed in50:50 acetonitrile/Water. FIG. 11 depicts the HPLC chromatogram and peakresults for KX2-391•MSA, Form A.

TABLE 6 HPLC elution gradient for KX2-391•MSA, Form A Time (minutes) % A% B 0.0 95 5 20.0 30 70 21.0 0 100 22.0 0 100 22.5 95 5 30.0 95 5

Example 11 Attenuated Total-Reflection Fourier Transform InfraredAnalysis of KX2-391•MSA, Form A

Attenuated total-reflection Fourier-transform infrared analysis(ATR-FTIR) analyses were performed on KX2-391•MSA, Form A obtained inaccordance with the process of the present invention (Example 4). Aftera background of ambient lab conditions was obtained, samples were placedon the ATR, compressed with the anvil and the spectrum was acquired.FIG. 12 depicts the ATR-FTIR spectrogram for KX2-391•MSA, Form A asmeasured by a Thermo-Nicolet Avatar 370 with Smart Endurance AttenuatedTotal-Reflection Attachment.

Example 12 XRPD of KX2-391•2HCl

X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) analysis was performed using a ShimadzuXRD-6000 diffractometer on KX2-391•HCl obtained in accordance with theprocess of the present invention (Example 3). The diffractometer wasequipped with a Cu Kα X-ray tube operated at 40 kV, 40 mA. Samples wereplaced on a Si zero-return ultra-micro sample holders. The divergenceslit was set at 1.00 degrees, scatter Slit was at 1.00 degrees andreceiving slit was at 0.30 mm. The scan range was 3.0-45.0 degrees incontinuous scan mode with a step size of 0.04 degrees and a scan Rate2°/min. FIG. 13 depicts the X-ray diffractogram for KX2-391•2HCl (lot02BP111G) The corresponding data for X-ray diffractograms is presentedin Table 7.

TABLE 7 XRPD of KX2-391•2HCl Integrated peak 2Theta d FWHM Intensity Intno. no. (deg) (A) I/II (deg) (Counts) (Counts) # Strongest 3 peaks 1 1922.7110 3.91222 100 0.45330 408 5232 2 20 23.5201 3.77944 96 0.38820 3924280 3 8 15.5737 5.68537 82 0.32590 336 2893 # Peak Data List 1 3.174127.81298 6 0.15180 23 116 2 4.5300 19.49070 5 0.34000 22 294 3 8.760010.08629 14 0.38160 58 554 4 9.1153 9.69393 23 0.35070 93 802 5 13.32006.64181 3 0.32000 12 142 6 13.7571 6.43175 14 0.36220 56 552 7 14.92005.93296 3 0.28800 14 181 8 15.5737 5.68537 82 0.32590 336 2893 9 16.30155.43314 12 0.27690 49 361 10 17.0241 5.20412 28 0.46820 114 1110 1117.4400 5.08094 17 0.48000 68 728 12 18.1931 4.87228 22 0.34260 90 84213 19.3172 4.59121 74 0.52120 301 3628 14 19.8800 4.46249 19 0.38400 77929 15 20.3857 4.35291 16 0.34860 64 559 16 20.8704 4.25290 23 0.3192094 743 17 21.4000 4.14883 12 0.22220 50 314 18 21.7790 4.07748 760.36530 309 3085 19 22.7110 3.91222 100 0.45330 408 5232 20 23.52013.77944 96 0.38820 392 4280 21 24.5793 3.61891 21 0.38530 86 1079 2225.5200 3.48761 15 0.24620 63 525 23 26.0463 3.41832 27 0.35920 110 111324 26.8326 3.31991 14 0.40930 57 714 25 27.6000 3.22932 22 0.45860 891353 26 28.0000 3.18409 24 0.00000 97 0 27 28.3200 3.14883 18 0.00000 720 28 28.8464 3.09256 27 0.53290 111 1789 29 29.7600 2.99966 4 0.24000 15142 30 30.2962 2.94778 14 0.34100 57 521 31 31.0000 2.88245 10 0.4200041 570 32 31.3200 2.85372 11 0.00000 43 0 33 31.6000 2.82907 10 0.8000040 709 34 32.4762 2.75472 17 0.46100 70 825 35 33.1600 2.69946 9 0.3200035 415 36 34.1366 2.62443 3 0.32670 14 118 37 38.3914 2.34279 3 0.1771013 64 38 38.7800 2.32021 3 0.28000 13 113 39 39.4166 2.28419 3 0.2867013 169 40 40.9400 2.20264 3 0.20000 14 95 41 41.6020 2.16911 6 0.4360024 303 42 43.0450 2.09967 3 0.15000 12 54

Example 13 DSC of KX2-391•2HCl

Differential Scanning Calorimetric (DSC) analysis was performed using aMettler 822^(e) DSC instrument on KX2-391•2HCl obtained in accordancewith the process of the present invention (Example 3). Samples wereweighed in an aluminum pan, covered with a pierced lid, and thencrimped. Analysis started at 30° C. to 300-350° C. ramped at 10°C./minute. The DSC curve showed three endothermic events at 189, 266,and 285° C. FIG. 14 depicts the DSC thermogram for KX2-391•2HCl (lot02BP111G).

Example 14 TGA of KX2-391•2HCl

Thermal Gravimetric Analysis was performed using a Mettler 851^(e)SDTA/TGA instrument on KX2-391•2HCl obtained in accordance with theprocess of the present invention (Example 3). Samples were weighed in analumina crucible and analyzed from 30° C. to 230° C. and a ramp rate of10° C./minute. A 9.2% weight loss was observed between 30-230° C. FIG.15 depicts the TGA chromatogram for KX2-391•2HCl (lot 02BP111G).

Example 15 Moisture Sorption Analysis of KX2-391•2HCl

Moisture-sorption experiments were performed using a Hiden IGAsorpMoisture Sorption Instrument on KX2-391•2HCl obtained in accordance withthe process of the present invention (Example 3). First, the sample wasdried at 0% Relative Humidity (RH) and 25° C. until an equilibriumweight was reached or for a maximum of four hours. The sample was thensubjected to an isothermal (25° C.) adsorption scan from 10 to 90% RH insteps of 10%. The sample was allowed to equilibrate to an asymptoticweight at each point for a maximum of four hours. Following adsorption,a desorption scan from 85 to 0% RH (at 25° C.) was run in steps of −10%again allowing a maximum of four hours for equilibration to anasymptotic weight. The sample was then dried for one hour at 80° C. andthe resulting solid analyzed by XRPD. In one aspect, moisture sorptionanalysis showed the sample to be significantly hygroscopic, absorbing16.7 wt % water at 60% RH and 27.0 wt % water at 90% RH suggestingdeliquescence with an inflection point between 40-50% RH. FIG. 19 showsthe gravimetric moisture curve of KX2-391•2HCl (lot 02BP111G).

Table 8 contains the data presented in FIG. 17. Moisture sorptionstudies conducted at ambient temperature utilizing salt solutionhumidity chambers were conducted to evaluate solid stability by visualinspection. The results are presented in Table 9. Samples were observedto completely deliquesce at 51 and 95% RH within 12 hours. WhenKX2-391•2HCl was subjected to 42% RH, deliquescence was observed withinthree hours and continued to remain in this state for the followingseven days. However, when KX2-391•2HCl was subjected to 32% RH it wasfound to remain stable over the same seven day period indicating thedeliquescence humidity at ambient temperature was between 32-42% RH.

TABLE 8 Moisture Sorption Analysis of KX2-391•2HCl Mg Mole ration % RHTW/mg water Wt %/water Mmol water (water:sample) −0.0500 6.6919 0.39365.8814 0.0218 1.7493 10.0011 6.7707 0.4724 6.9776 0.0262 2.0998 20.00716.8565 0.5582 8.1412 0.0310 2.4810 29.9953 6.9250 0.6267 9.0498 0.03482.7855 39.9936 7.0029 0.7046 10.0615 0.0391 3.1317 50.0083 7.3749 1.076614.5986 0.0597 4.7853 59.9940 7.5634 1.2651 16.7261 0.0702 5.622870.0044 7.7942 1.4959 19.1922 0.0830 6.6487 80.0002 7.9711 1.672820.9856 0.0928 7.4350 90.0102 8.6234 2.3251 26.9630 0.1290 10.334590.0102 8.6234 2.3251 26.9630 0.1290 10.3345 84.9979 8.1862 1.887923.0617 0.1048 8.3910 75.0016 7.5530 1.2547 16.6119 0.0696 5.576764.9989 7.4448 1.1465 15.3997 0.0636 5.0957 54.9876 7.3912 1.092914.7870 0.0607 4.8578 45.0063 7.3402 1.0419 14.1945 0.0578 4.630935.0089 7.2811 0.9828 13.4981 0.0545 4.3683 25.0029 7.2130 0.914712.6812 0.0508 4.0655 15.0035 6.7598 0.4615 6.8271 0.0256 2.0512 4.99576.6101 0.3118 4.7176 0.0173 1.3860 −0.0430 6.3667 0.0684 1.0737 0.00380.3038

TABLE 9 Hygroscopicity of KX2-391•2HCl % RH Results Time 95Deliquescence <12 h 51 Deliquescence <12 h 42 Deliquescence <3 h 32Solid 7 days

Example 16 High Performance Liquid Chromatography of KX2-391•2HCl

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) was performed onKX2-391•2HCl obtained in accordance with the process of the presentinvention (Example 3). The HPLC system was equipped with a UV detector,gradient capabilities, and electronic data collection and processing, orequivalent, auto sampler capable of 10 μL injection, analytical columnThermo Hypersil Gold, 4.6×150 mm, 3.0 μm, P/N 25003-154630, Analyticalbalance capable of weighing to ±0.01 mg, class A volumetric pipettes andflasks.

The column used for analyses was Thermo Hypersil Gold, 4.6×150 mm, 3.0μm and the column and auto-sampler temperature was ambient. Detection ofeluted compound occurred at 248 nm (KX2-391 was detected at 248 nm) and210 nm (benzylamine was detected at 210 nm). Mobile phase A was 0.05%TFA in water whereas mobile phase B was 0.05% TFA in acetonitrile with aflow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The elution gradient is depicted in Table 10.An injection volume of 10 μL was used for all samples with an analysistime of 30 min. Re-equilibration time and data collection time were 8min and 22 min, respectively. Needle wash upon run completion wascompleted in 50:50 acetonitrile/water. FIG. 18 depicts the HPLCchromatogram for KX2-391•2HCl (lot 02BP111G).

TABLE 10 HPLC elution gradient for KX2-391•2HCl Time (minutes) % A % B0.0 95 5 20.0 30 70 21.0 0 100 22.0 0 100 22.5 95 5 30.0 95 5

Example 17 Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ofKX2-391•MSA, Form A

Acquisition of ¹H NMR spectra were performed with 2-10 mg of sampledissolved in 0.8 mL of DMSO-d₆. Spectra were acquired using 32 to 64scans with a pulse delay of 1.0 sec and 10 μs (30°) pulse width. FIG. 6depicts the ¹H NMR spectrum for KX2-391•MSA, Form A.

Example 18 Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ofKX2-391•2HCl

Acquisition of ¹H NMR spectra were performed with 2-10 mg of sampledissolved in 0.8 mL of DMSO-d₆. Spectra were acquired using 32 to 64scans with a pulse delay of 1.0 sec and 10 μs (30°) pulse width. FIG. 5depicts the ¹H NMR spectrum for KX2-391 free base. FIG. 16 depicts the¹H NMR spectrum for KX2-391•2HCl (lot 02BP111G).

Example 19 Process Optimization for KX2-391•MSA, Form A

Process optimization of the mesylate salt was initiated due the decisionthat the mesylate salt was the most desired. In the salt screen acetonewith 200 volumes of solvent was used to form the mesaylate salt. To makea scalable process, the amount of acetone had to be reduced to aworkable volume. The table below summarizes the data generated.

Material Solvent Vol of HPLC Amt Amt Solvent Temp Recovery Yield XRPDStoichiometry (Area % NB Code (mg) Solvent (mL) Used ° C. (mg) (%)Results* (HNMR) Purity) GJP-S-15(1) 155.0 Acetone 10.0 64 50 171.0 90.2Consistent 1.03:1 99.3 GJP-S-16(1) 100.3 MEK 5.0 50 70 104.6 85.3Consistent 1.09:1 98.7 GJP-S-16(2) 104.8 MIBK 5.0 50 90 118.0 92.1Consistent 1.10:1 99.0 GJP-S-17(1) 100.3 Acetone 8.0 80 50 106.0 86.4Consistent 1.04:1 99.4 GJP-S-18(1) 3507.4 Acetone 280 80 50 4019.7 93.2Consistent 1:01:1 99.5 *Indicated result describes similarity to scaleup lot GJP-S-10(1)

The first experiment was completed using 64 volumes of acetone and theaddition of neat MSA. This amount was picked as a starting point andcorresponded to 10 mL of solvent for the 0.155 g used in the experiment.The volumes of acetone was calculated as follows: (10 mL acetone)/(0.155g)=64 volumes. A slightly oily material observed during the reactionsolidified upon cooling and precipitated out of solution following theaddition of the acid. This free flowing solid afforded consistentresults by XRPD, 1H NMR and HPLC when compared to the final scale up ofthe mesylate salt. Based on this experiment, the amount of solventneeded to keep the material from oiling out was determined to be higherthan 64 volumes.

In an attempt to reduce the amount of oily material produced during thereactions, ketone solvents with higher boiling points such as methylethyl ketone (MEK, 80° C.) and methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK, 117° C.)were investigated.

Using MEK, the free base was weighed into a vial and dissolved in 5 mLof MEK (50 vol.). This solution was stirred at 70° C. for five minutesto ensure dissolution. The methanesulfonic acid (concd) was added in oneportion (16 μL, 1.05 equiv). The solution became turbid after theaddition of the acid and brown oil formed on the bottom of the vial. Theturbid solution was stirred for two minutes before the reaction wascooled to ambient temperature at a rate of 10° C./hour. Precipitationoccurred during the cooling phase. The reaction was stirred at ambienttemperature for 18 hours. The solids were collected by vacuumfiltration. The oil had hardened and was removed from the flask. Allsolids were dried in vacuo at ambient temperature and 30 in. Hg. Thisreaction afforded 105 mg (90.2% yield) of an off-white solid. XRPDresults were consistent with the results for scale up lot GJP-S-10(1).HPLC purity was 98.7.

Using MIBK, the free base was weighed into a vial and dissolved in 5 mLof MIBK (50 vol). This solution was stirred at 90° C. for five minutesto ensure dissolution. The methanesulfonic acid (concd) was added in oneportion (16.5 μL, 1.05 equiv). The solution became turbid after theaddition of the acid and a brown oil formed on the bottom of the vial.The turbid solution was stirred for 2 minutes before the reaction wascooled to ambient temperature at a rate of 10° C./hour. Precipitationoccurred during the cooling phase. The reaction was stirred at ambienttemperature for 18 hours. The solids were collected by vacuumfiltration. The oil had hardened and was removed from the flask. Allsolids were dried in vacuo at ambient temperature and 30 in. Hg. Thisreaction afforded 118.0 mg (92.1% yield) of an off-white solid. XRPDresults were consistent with the results for scale up lot GJP-S-10(1).HPLC purity was 99.0.

While the solvents MEK and MIBK were heated hotter than the acetonereaction, both reactions produced larger amounts of the oily materialcompared to the acetone reactions. Both reactions also produced a freeflowing solid which yielded consistent results by XRPD, ¹H NMR and HPLCwhen compared to the final scale up mesylate salt lot; however slightdegradation was observed with the use of MEK as the primary solvent.

Acetone was re-investigated using a larger amount of volumes (80 vs.64). This reaction formed a turbid solution after the addition of theacid, but did not produce any oily material while cooling to ambienttemperature. This reaction afforded an 86% yield of an off-white solidwith consistent results XRPD, ¹H NMR and HPLC when compared to the finalscale up mesylate salt lot. This process was used in the scale up forthe 3.5 g reaction which yielded 4.0 g of an off-white solid with a93.7% yield and this process has been transferred to cGMP for the finalstep of the synthesis.

Example 20 Differential Scanning Calorimetry

Differential Scanning Calorimetric (DSC) analysis was performed onKX2-391•MSA, Form A obtained in accordance with the process describedherein (Example 4), and on several samples of other KX2-391 salts.Samples were weighed in an aluminum pan, covered with a pierced lid, andthen crimped. Analysis started at 30° C. to 300-350° C. ramped at 10°C./minute.

Sample of KX2•391 Onset Temp (° C.) Peak Temp (° C.) Free base 131.9136.2 di-HCl salt 156.4 188.9 mono-p-tosylate salt Form A 110.3 112.7130.2 158.9 mono-p-tosylate salt Form B 105.8 111.1 157.9 162.8mono-fumarate salt 136.1 153.4 mono-maleate salt 143.7 149.9mono-mesylate salt, Form A 159.6 163.8 bis-maleate salt 50.2 63.8bis-fumarate salt Form A 128.8 141.5 bis-fumarate salt Form B 155.6157.3 bis-phosphate salt 78.0 93.7 120.7 128.0 188.3 211.6bis-p-tosylate salt 84.2 94.6 171.6 171.6

As evidenced from the data presented herein, KX2-391•MSA, Form A has aunique DSC thermogram, differentiating it from other KX2-391 salts. TheDSC of KX2-391•MSA, Form A consistently produces a single DSC peak, incontrast to some of the other salt forms of KX2-391, which appear as adoublet.

Example 21 Characterization of the KX2-391 Mono Salts: p-Tosylate,Fumarate, and Maleate Salt

Mono-tosylate of KX2-391 Form A was made with 1 equivalent of p-TSA indioxane and afforded a semi-cystalline pattern by XRPD as shown in FIG.20. Mono-tosylate KX2-391 Form B was generated from 1 equivalent ofp-TSA in dioxane and afforded a crystalline pattern by XRPD that wasfound to be unique compared to the 1 equivalent intermediate scale FormA. The XRPD for Form B is shown in FIG. 21.

The fumarate salt of KX2-391 was generated with 1 equivalent of fumaricacid and the XRPD is shown in FIG. 22.

The maleate salt was generated from 2 equivalents (although 1 equiv wasthe target ratio) of maleic acid and the XRPD is shown in FIG. 23.

The table below summarizes additional characterization data for thefumaric and maleate KX2-391•MSA salts and compares it to free base,bis-HCl, and MSA salts described above. The results in the table belowwere obtained using the procedures described above in Examples 5 (XRPD),6 (DSC), 7 (TGA), and 8 (moisture-sorption).

Moisture Sorption Wt % Counterion TGA % Solubility Water (Equiv, XRPDWt. Stoichiometry mg/mL @ 90% Salt solvent) (form) Loss (¹H NMR) (pH) RHFree N/A, H₂O, crystalline NA consistent DI H₂0: 3.7 base DCM NA pH 2:NA Bis- 2, EtOH Semi- 9.2 consistent DI H₂0: 27.0 HCl crystalline >500(2.1) pH 2: >500 (1.9) MSA 1, Acetone Crystalline 0.0 1.07:1 DI H₂0:5.7 >500 (4.6) pH 2: >500 (4.3) Fumaric 1, Acetone Crystalline 1.70.96:1 DI H₂0: 7.6 0.5 Form A (4.5*) pH 2:21.5 (4.5*) Maleate 1, AcetoneCrystalline 0.0 0.99:1 DI H₂0: 7.3 1.4 Form A (4.5*) pH 2: 21.2 (4.5*)N/A - sample was not analyzed pH based on approximate measurement usingpH paper instead of meter due to insufficient volume

Example 22 XRPD Characterization of the KX2-391 Bis-Equivalent Salts:Maleate, Fumarate, and Phosphate Salts

Bis-maleate KX2-391 Form A was generated with 2 equivalents of maleicacid in acetone and afforded a semi-crystalline pattern by XRPD as shownin FIG. 24. This pattern was found to be unique compared to the freebase indicating successful salt formation. 1H NMR stoichiomety was1.86:1.

Bis-fumarate KX2-391, Form A was generated with 2 equivalents of fumaricacid in isopropyl alcohol (IPA) and afforded a crystalline pattern byXRPD as shown in FIG. 25. The pattern was observed to be unique whencompared to the free base suggesting successful salt formation. ¹HNMRstoichiometry was 1.93:1. Bis-fumarate KX2-391, Form B is shown in FIG.26.

Bis-phosphate KX2-391 was made with 2 equivalents of phosphoric acid inTHF afforded a semi-crystalline pattern by XRPD (Form A) as shown inFIG. 27 and was found to be unique compared to the free base indicatingsuccessful salt formation. The percent weight loss was 0.3 and 1.7 asmeasured by TGA as described in Example 7. ¹HNMR stoichiometry was1.95:1.

Bis-p-tosylate KX2-391 was generated with 2 equivalents of p-TSA indioxane and afforded a semi-crystalline pattern by XRPD as shown in FIG.27.

Example 23 Solubility Experiments for KX2-391 Salts

Dissolution experiments were performed on KX2-391 salts to provide abetter understanding of the salts interaction in water. This wasaccomplished using a 5 mg/mL DI water dissolution experiment where 5 mgof each salt was weighed into a vial and 1 mL of DI wather was added.The solution was monitored visually with magnetic stirring over a 20minute time period to observe the time of dissolution. The results of 5mg/mL solubility experiments for the KX2-391 mesylate Form A, fumaric,and maleic salts are shown in the table below. The fumarate and maleatesalts were not observed to dissolve solids within 10 minutes andtherefore an additional 1 mL of DI water was added.

Time (s/min) Starting 10 min Material Test Conditions (1 mL DI NB Code(Counterion) (Utilizing Magnetic Stirring) 0 s 30 s 1 min 2 min 5 minwater added) 15 min 20 min SUC-B-81(1) GJP-S-10(1) 5.13 mg in 1 mL DIwater P P D (MSA) SUC.B.81(2) GJP-S-10(2) 5.31 mg in 1 mL DI water P P PP P P P D (Fumaric) SUC-B-81(3) GJP-S-10(3) 5.10 mg in 1 mL DI water P PP P P P P P (Maleic) P - Particulates partially dissolved D -Particulates fully dissolved

Solubility experiments were also performed using pH 2.0 phosphate bufferand DI water pH 6.9 and KX2-391•MSA, Form A. Each vial was filled withapproximately 50 mg of KX2-391•MSA, Form A and 100 μL aliquots of thecorresponding solvent was added until complete dissolution was observed,followed by stirring at room temperature for one and five days. Thesolids obtained were isolated by filtration, dried under vacuum at roomtemperature and analyzed by HPLC. The initial HPLC purity ofKX2-391•MSA, Form A was 99.4 (% area). The solubility by HPLC ofKX2-391•MSA, Form A in phosphate buffer/RT was >500 mg/mL and HPLCpurity was measured to be 99.4. The solubility by HPLC of KX2-391•MSA,Form A in DI H₂O/RT was >500 mg/mL and HPLC purity was measured to be99.4.

Example 24 Birefringence Analysis

Birefringence analysis provides an evaluation of the degrees ofcrystallinity experienced by the solids generated from the salt screen.By placing the 96 well plate between a cross polarized film, solids ofindividual wells were analyzed visually for significant birefringence ordefinitive crystalline particles. Each well containing solids wasassigned a numerical rank from 0 to 3 in increasing crystallinity asshown in the table below.

Example 25 Threshold Solubility

Threshold solubility was evaluated by adding 200 μL aliquots ofde-ionized water up to 1 mL to each well of the 96 well plate generatedduring the salt screen and monitored for complete dissolution. Followingeach addition, the plate was shaken to encourage mixing for at least 5minutes prior to evaluation. Upon evaluation a numerical rank (1-5) ofincreasing solubility was assigned as shown in the table below.

N- Indicates no dissolution observed for lint after 24 h 1-5 Indicatesthe No. of 200 μL aliquots of DI water added for complete dissolution

Example 26 Small Scale Synthesis of KX2-391•MSA, Form A from Free Base

The free base (350.1 mg) was weighed into a 100 mL, round-bottom flaskand dissolved in acetone (52 mL) with stirring and heating (50° C.) for5 minutes to ensure dissolution. The methanesulfonic acid (850 μL, 1Msolution in acetone) was added in one portion and the solution stayedclear. The reaction was cooled to ambient temperature at a rate of 20°C./hour. Upon reaching ambient temperature material had precipitated outof solution. The reaction was stirred at ambient temperature for 16hours. This solid was collected by vacuum filtration and dried in vacuoat ambient temperature and 30 in. Hg. This reaction afforded 351.6 mg(72%) of a beige solid.

Example 27 Slurry Study

Slurry experiments were performed using acetone and DI water onKX2-391•MSA, Form A. Each vial was filled with approximately 30 mg ofKX2-391•MSA, Form A and 0.5 and 1 mL of corresponding solvent, followedby stirring at room temperature for one and five days. The obtainedsolids were isolated by filtration, dried under vacuum at roomtemperature, and analyzed by HPLC and XRPD. The initial purity ofKX2-391•MSA was 99.4%. Acetone slurry/RT test conditions resulted in asolid that produced an XRPD that was consistent with the pattern of theinitial KX2-391•MSA, Form A and HPLC purity was measured to be 99.3%.

Example 28 Thermal Stress

Thermal stress experiments were performed on KX2-391•MSA, Form A. Each1-dram amber vial was filled with approximately 20 mg of KX2-391•MSA,Form A capped and stored in a vacuum over at 60° C. for one week. Theresulting solids were analyzed by XRPD and HPLC. Thermal/60° C. testconditions resulted in a solid that produced an XRPD that was consistentwith the pattern of the initial KX2-391•MSA, Form A and HPLC purity wasmeasured to be 99.3%. The pattern of the initial KX2-391•MSA, Form A wasconsistent with the pattern shown in FIG. 7.

Example 29 Effects of Solvent and Cooling Profile on Crystalline Form

The effects of solvent and cooling profile on the crystalline form ofKX2-391 mesylate were determined using single and binary solventcrystallizations with both fast and slow cooling. One crystalline formwas observed Form A. The crystalline form observed produced an XRPDpattern that was consistent with the pattern shown in FIG. 7.

Example 30 Pressure and Grinding Studies

Pressure and grinding studies were completed to determine the effects ofphysical stress on the crystalline form of KX2-391 mesylate Form A. Nochange in crystalline form was observed.

Example 31 Slurry Studies

Slurries of KX2-391 mesylate Form A in five conditions (IPA, 1-butanol,MeCN, THF:water, and dioxane:water) were performed in an attempt todetermine if a more stable crystalline form, solvate, or hydrate couldbe generated. After 2 weeks slurry at ambient conditions, the solidswere isolated and analyzed by XRPD and HPLC. No additional forms wereobserved by XRPD. The results are shown in the table below.

Form After KX2-391-MSA Solvent Initial Form 2 Weeks HPLC Purity NB CodeAmt (mg) Solvent Amt (mL) (XRPD) (XRPD) (AUC) JSS-T-99(1) 58.7 IPA 1.0Form A Form A >99% JSS-T-99(2) 53.7 1-butanol 1.0 Form A >99%JSS-T-99(3) 57.9 MeCN 1.0 Form A >99% JSS-T-99(4) 51.9* THF:water(~0.9:0.1) 1.5 Form A >99% JSS-T-99(5) 55.6* Dioxane:water (~0.9:0.1)1.5 Form A >99% *Additional solid added until residual solids wereobserved, ~100 mg

Example 32 Aqueous Solubility Study

The solubility of KX2-391 mesylate, Form A was determined in SGF (pH 2),acetate buffer (pH 4.5), and phosphate buffer (pH 7.2). Slurries ofKX2-391 mesylate in the buffer solution were allowed to equilibrateovernight at 37° C. The solids were then isolated and the supernatantwas diluted and analyzed by HPLC. The response of the supernatant wasthen compared against a calibration curve to determine the solubility.The results are shown in the table below.

pH Average after Solubility NB Code Buffer slurry (mg/mL) JSS-T-100(4)SGF 4.5 700 (pH 2.0) JSS-T-100(5) acetate 4.4 737 (pH 4.5) JSS-T-100(6)phosphate 4.3 150 (pH 7.2)The buffers did not maintain pH. Due the the high solubility of KX2-391mesylate, Form A observed, it is unlikely a buffered solution willmaintain the pH at desired levels in the pH range studied.

1. A polymorph of the mesylate salt of2-(5-(4-(2-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)-N-benzylacetamide (FormA) characterized by an X-ray diffraction pattern substantially similarto that set forth in FIG.
 7. 2. A polymorph of the mesylate salt of2-(5-(4-(2-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)-N-benzylacetamide (FormA) characterized by an X-ray diffraction pattern including peaks atabout 22.7, 19.7, 18.9 and 16.3 degrees 2θ.
 3. A polymorph of themesylate salt of2-(5-(4-(2-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)-N-benzylacetamide (FormA) characterized by a Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) thermogramhaving a single maximum value at about 164, as measured by a Mettler822^(e) DSC instrument.
 4. The polymorph according to claim 1, furthercharacterized by a a Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) thermogramhaving a single maximum value at about 164, as measured by a Mettler822^(e) DSC instrument.
 5. The polymorph according to claim 2, furthercharacterized by a a Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) thermogramhaving a single maximum value at about 164, as measured by a Mettler822^(e) DSC instrument.
 6. The polymorph of claim 1 produced by apurification process comprising the step of recrystallizing a crudepreparation of said salt from acetone.
 7. The polymorph according toclaim 6, wherein the amount of said acetone used is greater than 64volumes.
 8. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a polymorphaccording to claim 1 and a pharmaceutically acceptable exipient orcarrier.
 9. A method of treating or preventing disease or condition in asubject in need thereof, said method comprising the step ofadministering to said subject a pharmaceutical composition according toclaim 8, wherein said disease or condition is selected from cancer,hearing loss, osteoporosis, obesity, diabetes, ophthalmic diseases,stroke, atherosclerosis, neuropathic pain, hepatitis B, and autoimmunedisease.
 10. A process for preparing the polymorph according to claim 1comprising the step of adding methanesulfonic acid to2-(5-(4-(2-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)-N-benzylacetamide inacetone.
 11. The process according to claim 10, wherein the amount ofsaid acetone is greater than 64 volumes.
 12. The process according toclaim 1 1, wherein the amount of said acetone is greater than 64 andless than 100 volumes.
 13. The process according to claim 12, whereinthe amount of said acetone is 80 volumes.